Physical Address

304 North Cardinal St.
Dorchester Center, MA 02124

Introduction to the Bladder

Embryology and Anatomy The bladder is a hollow distensible viscus with a strong muscular wall. Embryologically, it forms from the urogenital sinus, which is contiguous with the allantois (a hindgut diverticulum that extends to the umbilicus). The allantois normally involutes by the 2nd month of gestation, forming the median umbilical ligament. Any persistent segments of the allantoic channel are called urachal remnants. The distal ureters are…

Ureterectasis of Pregnancy

KEY FACTS Terminology Physiologic dilatation of ureter and renal collecting system during pregnancy You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Polyps

KEY FACTS Terminology Synonym: Ureteral fibroepithelial polyp Definition: Benign mesodermal lesion with hyperplastic fibroconnective stromal core and normal urothelial lining You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Ureteral Trauma

KEY FACTS Terminology Injury of ureter from blunt, penetrating, or iatrogenic trauma You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Malakoplakia

KEY FACTS Terminology Rare chronic granulomatous condition affecting urinary tract Malacoplakia = soft plaque You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Ureteritis Cystica

KEY FACTS Terminology Reactive proliferative changes of urothelium with formation of multiple small, subepithelial cysts You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Introduction to the Ureter

Anatomy The ureter is a muscular tube extending from the ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) to the bladder for a length of 25-30 cm. The proximal ureter is in the perirenal space, passing posterior to the gonadal vessels and traveling along the psoas muscle to cross over the iliac vessels at the pelvic brim. The ureters continue inferiorly along the pelvic wall to ~ the level of the…

Contrast-Induced Nephropathy

KEY FACTS Terminology Acute kidney injury (AKI) within 24-48 hours following intravascular administration of contrast material (CM); must exclude other causes of AKI AKI: Absolute increase in serum creatinine of 0.5 mg/dL or relative 25% increase from baseline value Imaging Delayed nephrogram on subsequent CT or KUB Top Differential Diagnoses AKI Other causes of AKI, such as nephrotoxic drugs, prerenal azotemia, urinary obstruction, etc. It may…

Perinephric Hematoma

KEY FACTS Terminology Hemorrhagic collection in perinephric spaces: Subcapsular, perirenal, anterior and posterior pararenal You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Renal Trauma

KEY FACTS Imaging Best diagnostic clue: Renal parenchymal defect with perirenal hemorrhage ± extravasation of blood/urine CT findings Laceration: Linear, hypoattenuating defect Segmental renal infarct: Sharply demarcated, wedge-shaped area of decreased enhancement Global infarction (nonenhancement) and no perinephric hematoma: Renal artery thrombosis Global infarction (nonenhancement) and perinephric hematoma: Renal artery avulsion Protocol advice: If renal laceration is evident, obtain 10- to 12-minute delayed scans Top Differential…