Category Radiology

Neuro

Pediatric neuroimaging is a distinct subspecialty. Anatomic areas in neuroimaging include the skull, brain, orbits, face and sinuses, neck, and spine. At many children's hospitals, dedicated neuroradiologists perform and interpret all of the neuroimaging. The large amount of information included in…

Musculoskeletal

Normal Variants and Common Benign Entities More than in any other organ system, the normal imaging appearance of the skeletal system is strikingly different in children as compared to adults ( Fig. 7-1 ). This is related to the changing appearance…

Genitourinary

Imaging Modalities Renal Ultrasound Ultrasound of the kidneys and bladder is the first-line imaging modality for most suspected anomalies of the urinary tract. Renal ultrasound (US) is usually performed with the patient in both the supine and prone positions. Transverse…

Gastrointestinal

Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an idiopathic enterocolitis that predominantly involves the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of premature infants. The majority of cases occur in low birth weight infants (BW < 1500 g) and those born less than 32 weeks…

Cardiac

Imaging Modalities in Congenital Heart Disease Multiple imaging modalities are used to define the morphology, vascular connections, and function of the heart in children with congenital heart disease (CHD). Such modalities include radiography, echocardiography, nuclear scintigraphy, computed tomography (CT), magnetic…

Chest

The chest radiograph is one of the most commonly obtained examinations in pediatric imaging. It is also the examination most likely to be encountered by radiology residents, pediatric residents, general radiologists, and pediatricians. In this chapter, topics such as chest…

Airway

Signs and symptoms referable to the airway are much more common in children than in adults. For practical purposes, abnormalities of the airway can be divided into acute upper airway obstruction, lower airway obstruction (extrinsic compression, intrinsic obstruction), obstructive sleep…

Spinal alignment

Key points Global spinal balance is equally important as it is a dynamic process that includes the spine along with compensatory mechanisms consisting of the hips, and ankles. Current commonly used spinal measurements include cervical lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, and lumbar…

Paraspinal muscles

Key points Erector spinae, lumbar multifidus, quadratus lumborum, and psoas major are commonly investigated paraspinal muscles. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography provide high-quality muscle images for the quantification of muscle morphometry, while ultrasonography is a low-cost noninvasive method capturing…