TERMINOLOGY Abbreviations Anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL) Posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) Synonyms Articular processes = facets = zygapophyses GROSS ANATOMY Overview 5 discovertebral units (L1-L5) You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
TERMINOLOGY Abbreviations Costovertebral (CV) Synonyms Costal facet = demifacet GROSS ANATOMY Overview Consists of 12 vertebrae (T1-12) Thoracic kyphosis 1 of 2 primary spinal curves (thoracic & sacral) present at birth, maintained throughout life Cervical & lumbar lordoses are secondary curves, more flexible than thoracic, & result of development – Considerable variability in amount of kyphosis (20-45°) – Each body contributes 3.8° of kyphosis via wedge-shaped…
TERMINOLOGY Synonyms Uncovertebral joint (joint of Luschka) C1 (atlas), C2 (axis) Definitions Subaxial cervical spine = C3-C7 GROSS ANATOMY Overview Consists of 7 vertebrae (C1-C7) Craniocervical junction (CCJ) : C1, C2, & articulation with skull base constitute craniocervical junction Subaxial spine : C3-C7 – C3-C6 typical cervical vertebrae – C7 has features that differ slightly from C3-C6 You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership…
TERMINOLOGY Definitions Craniocervical junction (CCJ) = C1, C2, and articulation with skull base GROSS ANATOMY Overview Craniocervical junction comprises occiput, atlas, axis, their articulations, ligaments Components of Craniocervical Junction Bones Occipital bone – Occipital condyles are paired, oval-shaped, inferior prominences of lateral exoccipital portion of occipital bone – Articular facet projects laterally C1 (atlas) – Composed of anterior and posterior arches, no body – Paired lateral…
Imaging Anatomy There are 33 spinal vertebrae, which are composed of 2 components: A cylindrical ventral bone mass, which is the vertebral body , and the dorsal arch . 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar bodies 5 fused elements form sacrum 4-5 irregular ossicles form coccyx Arch 2 pedicles, 2 laminae, 7 processes (1 spinous, 4 articular, 2 transverse) Pedicles attach to dorsolateral aspect of body…
A ACL: anterior cruciate ligament ADC: apparent diffusion coefficient ALCAPA: anomalous left coronary artery origin from pulmonary artery AP: anteroposterior ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome ASD: atrial septal defect ASL: arterial spin labeling AV: atrioventricular AVM: arteriovenous malformation B BP: brachial plexus BPD: bronchopulmonary dysplasia C CBD: common bile duct CCAM: congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation CECT: contrast-enhanced computed tomography C+: with contrast CISS: constructive interference in…
KEY FACTS Terminology Benign fibrosis of sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle Most common cervical “mass” of infancy: Postulated to be muscular response to birth trauma or peripartum injury Imaging Often diagnosed clinically without imaging Ultrasound modality of choice when imaging required Process entirely intramuscular (contained within SCM), without local invasion or inflammatory changes Fusiform expansion of central SCM muscle Thick & short compared to contralateral SCM Variable heterogeneity…
KEY FACTS Terminology Pus formation within nodes from bacterial infection Synonyms: Adenitis, lymphadenitis, intranodal abscess Imaging Enlarged node(s) with internal fluid & surrounding inflammation (cellulitis) Most often jugulodigastric, submandibular, or retropharyngeal Loss of normal nodal architecture & internal vascularity/enhancement Conglomeration of necrotic nodes progressing to abscess shows marked heterogeneity of irregular collection Well-defined enhancing/hyperemic wall Complex hypoechoic/nonenhancing center US useful to confirm true liquefaction with drainable…
KEY FACTS You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
KEY FACTS You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
KEY FACTS You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
KEY FACTS You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
KEY FACTS You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
KEY FACTS You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
KEY FACTS You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
KEY FACTS You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
KEY FACTS Terminology Preseptal cellulitis: Infection anterior to orbital septum Postseptal cellulitis: Infection posterior to orbital septum Orbital septum: Periosteal reflection from bony orbit to tarsal plates Imaging Thickening & edema of orbital/periorbital soft tissues Preseptal cellulitis: Limited to anterior tissues Postseptal cellulitis Low-attenuation, rim-enhancing collection – Drainable subperiosteal abscess (SPA) in majority – 20% without drainable abscess (phlegmon) Associated myositis common with swollen extraocular muscles,…
KEY FACTS Terminology Acute inflammatory sinonasal process lasting ≤ 4 weeks Related terms: Acute bacterial sinusitis (ABS), viral upper respiratory infection (URI) Imaging Clinical diagnosis; imaging rarely necessary & does not distinguish bacterial from viral NECT: Confirms diagnosis, evaluates when medical therapy has failed, delineates anatomic variants (especially presurgical) Best sign: Air-fluid level ± aerosolized secretions with mucosal thickening – Most common in ethmoid & maxillary…
Imaging Modalities Note that the airway, spine, & skull are largely discussed in other sections. Radiography Plain films of the face have limited indications in children. They are often used as a quick screening tool for sinus disease or facial trauma. However, their sensitivity & specificity are low, particularly when the clinical suspicion is low (which is often when such studies are ordered, unfortunately). Regarding the…
KEY FACTS Terminology Spondylolysis: Defect/break in pars interarticularis Spondylolisthesis: Spondylolysis + anterior slippage of vertebra in relation to vertebra below Imaging Radiographs (insensitive): Break in neck of “Scotty dog” (pars interarticularis defect on oblique standing views of lumbar spine) Bone CT Linear lucency or defect in pars interarticularis – Sagittal or oblique sagittal reformatted imaging vital in assessment Incomplete ring sign on axial imaging ± distraction…