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Sedation

Sedation is used to relax patients during procedures but does not relieve or prevent pain. Hence, sedation is often used in combination with analgesia. Sedation is useful in patients undergoing prolonged interventional procedures and can also be valuable in anxious or hypertensive patients. Remember that sedation may result in respiratory depression and aspiration of gastric contents; in addition, there is a small but significant mortality. Children…

Contrast

Most vascular computed tomography (CT) and magnetic imaging resonance (MRI), the vast majority of angiographic procedures, and many nonvascular interventions rely on contrast media to reveal the anatomy. Contrast media can be broadly classified according to their use and also their chemical structure. X-ray contrast affects tissue X-ray attenuation, ultrasound contrast affects tissue and blood reflectivity and MRI contrast affects tissue relaxation times. The Royal College…

Pre-procedure safety check

Formal and clearly documented safety checks and briefings are mandatory and essential if you want to reduce predictable and preventable errors during procedures. It has been clearly demonstrated that safety checks performed immediately before and after every surgical operation reduce patient morbidity regardless of the environment. The surgical safety checklist has been adopted worldwide and similar checks should be used in interventional radiology. This chapter builds…

Fertility and Sterility Interventions

KEY FACTS Terminology Hysterosalpingography : Contrast injection into endometrial cavity with fluoroscopy/imaging Selective salpingography : Direct selective catheterization of fallopian tubal ostium Contrast injection via catheter during imaging Fallopian tube recanalization : Guidewire/catheter passage through occluded FT to reestablish patency Fallopian tube occlusion : Placement of mechanical occluding device into fallopian tubes Preprocedure Selective salpingography indications Differentiate spasm from true obstruction Inadequate fallopian tube opacification by…

Prostate Carcinoma

KEY FACTS Imaging 70% of prostate carcinomas occur in peripheral zone Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) Hypoechoic lesion in peripheral zone Multiparametric MR imaging Classification of lesions according to Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) – 5 categories of risk for clinically significant cancer from PI-RADS 1 = very low, to PI-RADS 5 = very high T1WI – Persistent blood from biopsy shows high signal intensity T2WI…

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy

KEY FACTS Terminology Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) Glandular and stromal hyperplasia leading to enlargement of transition and periurethral zones and increased prostatic volume You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Introduction to Multiparametric MR of the Prostate

KEY FACTS Imaging Multiparametric MR (mpMR) Combination of anatomical and functional imaging Anatomical imaging – T2WI □ Lesion detection and characterization; gland volume and extraprostatic extension – T1WI □ Rule out prostatic hemorrhage (tumor mimicker) Functional imaging – Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) – Apparent diffusion coefficient map (ADC) □ Interpretation of combined high b-value (≥ 1,400 s/mm²) DWI and ADC map □ Lesion detection and characterization –…

Prostatitis and Abscess

KEY FACTS Terminology National Institutes of Health classified into 4 types Type 1: Acute bacterial prostatitis Type 2: Chronic bacterial prostatitis Type 3: Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome Type 4: Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Paratesticular Rhabdomyosarcoma

KEY FACTS Terminology Paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma (PT-RMS) refers only to intrascrotal rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), not other GU sites You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here