Major Parts of the Brain and Orientation Structure/Function Development of the brain; a, b schematic frontal sections; c median section; d view from the left side. Week 4: formation of three primary brain vesicles (forebrain [prosencephalon] , midbrain [mesencephalon] , and hindbrain [rhombencephalon] ). Week 5: formation of six secondary brain vesicles (the paired vesicles of the telencephalon and the di-, mes-, met-, and myelencephalon); optic…

Surface Anatomy of the Neck Triangles of the Neck Content of the Anterior and Posterior Triangles of the Neck Content Anterior Triangle of the Neck Posterior Triangle of the Neck Arteries External carotid artery with branches Internal carotid Occipital Transverse cervical 3 rd part of subclavian suprascapular Veins External jugular Anterior jugular Internal jugular Facial Retromandibular Subclavian External jugular Nerves Mylohoid (branch of CN VIII) Ansa…

Surface Anatomy Clinical Remarks a Inherited external ear defects are common. Severe defects of the external ear and zygomatic bone, receding chin, and cleft palate are typical for the dominantly inherited FRANCESCHETTI's syndrome (mandibulofacial dysostosis). [ E247-09 ] b The cauliflower ear forms as a result of repeated blows to the ear, causing vascular damage and the collection of blood between cartilage and overlying perichondrium providing…

Surface Anatomy Clinical Remarks A conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva and causes red eye. It frequently occurs in individuals wearing contact lenses but can have multiple other causes, including viral or bacterial infections and allergies. Anemic patients display a whitish pale conjunctiva because of a low erythrocyte count. Eversion of the lower eyelid and inspection of the conjunctival sac is a simple diagnostic test…

Surface Anatomy Skull Structure/Function The neurocranium (blue) is composed of eight bones: the paired parietal and temporal bones, and the unpaired frontal, ethmoid, sphenoidal, and occipital bones. The viscerocranium (also named splanchnocranium , orange) is composed of the paired nasal, zygomatic and lacrimal bones and inferior nasal conchae, as well as four unpaired bones: the vomer, maxillary (maxilla), mandibular (mandible), and palatine bones. Clinical Remarks Central…

Surface Anatomy Male and Female Pelvis Female Pelvis Male Pelvis Greater pelvis Shallow Deep Lesser pelvis Wide and shallow Narrow and deep Pelvic inlet Oval, rounded Heart-shaped Pelvic outlet Round, spacious Narrow Pubic arch and suprapubic angle Wide > 80° Narrow < 70° Sacrum Short and wide Long and more convex Clinical Remarks The obstetric conjugate can be manually assessed by measuring the distance between the…

Surface Anatomy Abdominal Regions Clinical Importance Right hypochondriac Liver and gallbladder Epigastric Pain from gastric ulcer, heartburn Left hypochondriac Spleen Right lumbar (flank) Kidney, ascending colon Umbilical Visceral pain Left lumbar (flank) Kidney, descending colon Right inguinal (groin) Appendix Hypogastric (pubic, suprapubic) Urinary bladder, rectum Left inguinal (groin) Pain from intestinal gas Horizontal Planes Vertebral Level Landmarks Anatomical Structures A: Transpyloric plane (plane of ADDISON) L1…

Surface Anatomy Surface Landmarks and Projections to Vertebral Levels Surface Landmark Ribs/Intercostal Space (ICS) Vertebral Projection Orientation Suprasternal (jugular) notch Between upper sternoclavicular joints Level T2/T3 Trachea entering mediastinum; inferior thyroid veins, thyroid ima artery Manubrium of sternum Rib I Level T3/T4 Aortic arch; superior vena cava; thymus Sternal angle (of LOUIS); manubriosternal joint Rib II Level T4/T5 Marks transition from superior to inferior mediastinum, and…

Surface Anatomy – Overview Structure/Function Surface anatomy (or living anatomy as it is sometimes called) is important for understanding the human body and its function. When examining a patient, structures are often more difficult to locate than on an anatomical specimen. Much of what we are looking for is not necessarily visible to the naked eye. To further complicate matters, people are different! While most humans…

Surface Anatomy of the Shoulder Region and Upper Trunk Surface Anatomy of the Arm, Forearm, Wrist and Hand Overview of Bones Shoulder Girdle Clavicle Clinical Remarks The clavicle is a bone of the upper extremity which is commonly fractured – often by a fall on an outstretched arm and hand, a fall on the point of the shoulder, or a direct blow to the clavicle. a…

Surface Anatomy of the Back Organization of the Spine Curvatures of the Spine Structure/Function Excessive curvature of the spine can occur as a result of postural changes associated with habitual activities of work or play, or can be secondary to abnormal spinal development. Scoliosis is a growth deformity of the spine that results in a fixed lateral curvature, torsion, and rotation of the vertebral column. (Hyper-)…

Surface Anatomy Anatomical Regions Anatomical Terminology Anatomical Planes Axes of Movement Basic Movements of the Upper Extremity Structure/Function APLEY’s Movements Functional movements such as reaching over your head or behind your back to scratch between your shoulder blades are examples of combined movements of the upper extremity. They require a simultaneous multiaxial motion (often of more than one joint) in order to be effectively performed; A)…