Physical Address

304 North Cardinal St.
Dorchester Center, MA 02124

Setup and principle of endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease

Abbreviations CAN colitis-associated neoplasia CD Crohn’s disease EGD esophagogastroduodenoscopy EUS endoscopic ultrasound IBD inflammatory bowel disease GI gastrointestinal ICV ileocecal valve PSC primary sclerosing cholangitis UC ulcerative colitis VCE video capsule endoscopy Introduction Endoscopy with histology plays a major role in the diagnosis, disease monitoring, assessment of treatment response, and neoplasia surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Fortunately, any part of diseased gastrointestinal (GI) tract is…

Introduction and classification of inflammatory bowel diseases

Abbreviations AS ankylosing spondylitis CD Crohn’s disease EIM extraintestinal manifestations GI gastrointestinal IBD inflammatory bowel disease IBD-V inflammatory bowel disease variant IC indeterminate colitis PG pyoderma gangrenosum TNF tumor necrosis factor UC ulcerative colitis Introduction Generally speaking, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) consists of two classic forms: Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). CD and UC present with distinctive clinicopathological features. The diagnosis of IBD is…

Cranial nerves

58 Cranial nerves, overview a N. olfactorius [I] b N. opticus [II] c N. oculomotorius [III] d N. trochlearis [IV] e N. trigeminus [V] N. ophthalmicus [V/1] N. maxillaris [V/2] N. mandibularis [V/3] f N. abducens [VI] g N. facialis [VII] h N. vestibulocochlearis [VIII] i N. glossopharyngeus [IX] j N. vagus [X] k N. accessorius [XI] l N. hypoglossus [XII] 59 Cranial nerves, functions (fibre…

Lower limb

41 Joints of the lower limb, Articulationes membri inferioris 41.1 Bony connections of the pelvic girdle, Juncturae cinguli pelvici Name Type of connection Types of movements Sacroiliac joint Articulatio sacroiliaca rigid joint,amphiarthrosis flexibility and rotation by a few millimeters as a consequence of pelvic deformations caused by various forces Ligg. sacroiliaca anterioraLigg. sacroiliaca posterioraLigg. sacroiliaca interosseaLig. sacrotuberaleLig. sacrospinale Pubic symphysis,Symphysis pubica cartilaginous, synchondrosis with Discus interpubicus…

Upper limb

23 Joints of the upper limb, Articulationes membri superioris 23.1 Joints of the shoulder girdle Name of joint Type of joint Types of movements Medial clavicular joint Articulatio sternoclavicularis, Articulationes cinguli pectoralis uneven articular surfaces, Articulatio irregularis, functionally: spheroidal joint, (characteristic: Discus articularis) rotation around the sagittal axis (when lifting the shoulder) rotation around the longitudinal axis of the arm (during anteversion and retroversion of the…

Trunk

14 Muscles of the thoracic wall The M. pectoralis major shapes the surface of the anterior upper thoracic wall. Beneath this muscle lies the M. pectoralis minor. These two muscles, together with the M. subclavius, belong to the group of ventral muscles of the shoulder girdle (Tab. 26). The Mm. intercostales externi and interni fill the intercostal spaces. The Mm. subcostales and the M. transversus thoracis…

Neck

6 Muscles of the pharynx The pharyngeal muscles are divided into constrictor muscles (Mm. constrictores pharyngis superior, medius and inferior) and levator muscles (M. stylopharyngeus, M. salpingopharyngeus and M. palatopharyngeus) . 6.1 Pharyngeal constrictor muscles M. constrictor pharyngis superior Rr. pharyngeales of the N. glossopharyngeus [IX] (= Plexus pharyngeus) O: Pars pterygopharyngea: Lamina medialis of the Proc. pterygoideus, Hamulus ossis pterygoidei Pars buccopharyngea: Raphe pterygomandibularis Pars…

Head

1 Facial muscles The facial (mimic) muscles only partially originate from defined bony structures, but all insert into the skin. 1.1 Forehead, vertex, temple M. occipitofrontalis and M. temporoparietalis are collectively named the M. epicranius. M. occipitofrontalis N. facialis [VII] O: Venter frontalis: skin of the forehead Venter occipitalis: Linea nuchalis suprema I: Galea aponeurotica F: forehead Venter frontalis: wrinkling of the forehead (expression of surprise)…