Physical Address

304 North Cardinal St.
Dorchester Center, MA 02124

Cranial nerves

58 Cranial nerves, overview a N. olfactorius [I] b N. opticus [II] c N. oculomotorius [III] d N. trochlearis [IV] e N. trigeminus [V] N. ophthalmicus [V/1] N. maxillaris [V/2] N. mandibularis [V/3] f N. abducens [VI] g N. facialis [VII] h N. vestibulocochlearis [VIII] i N. glossopharyngeus [IX] j N. vagus [X] k N. accessorius [XI] l N. hypoglossus [XII] 59 Cranial nerves, functions (fibre…

Lower limb

41 Joints of the lower limb, Articulationes membri inferioris 41.1 Bony connections of the pelvic girdle, Juncturae cinguli pelvici Name Type of connection Types of movements Sacroiliac joint Articulatio sacroiliaca rigid joint,amphiarthrosis flexibility and rotation by a few millimeters as a consequence of pelvic deformations caused by various forces Ligg. sacroiliaca anterioraLigg. sacroiliaca posterioraLigg. sacroiliaca interosseaLig. sacrotuberaleLig. sacrospinale Pubic symphysis,Symphysis pubica cartilaginous, synchondrosis with Discus interpubicus…

Upper limb

23 Joints of the upper limb, Articulationes membri superioris 23.1 Joints of the shoulder girdle Name of joint Type of joint Types of movements Medial clavicular joint Articulatio sternoclavicularis, Articulationes cinguli pectoralis uneven articular surfaces, Articulatio irregularis, functionally: spheroidal joint, (characteristic: Discus articularis) rotation around the sagittal axis (when lifting the shoulder) rotation around the longitudinal axis of the arm (during anteversion and retroversion of the…

Trunk

14 Muscles of the thoracic wall The M. pectoralis major shapes the surface of the anterior upper thoracic wall. Beneath this muscle lies the M. pectoralis minor. These two muscles, together with the M. subclavius, belong to the group of ventral muscles of the shoulder girdle (Tab. 26). The Mm. intercostales externi and interni fill the intercostal spaces. The Mm. subcostales and the M. transversus thoracis…

Neck

6 Muscles of the pharynx The pharyngeal muscles are divided into constrictor muscles (Mm. constrictores pharyngis superior, medius and inferior) and levator muscles (M. stylopharyngeus, M. salpingopharyngeus and M. palatopharyngeus) . 6.1 Pharyngeal constrictor muscles M. constrictor pharyngis superior Rr. pharyngeales of the N. glossopharyngeus [IX] (= Plexus pharyngeus) O: Pars pterygopharyngea: Lamina medialis of the Proc. pterygoideus, Hamulus ossis pterygoidei Pars buccopharyngea: Raphe pterygomandibularis Pars…

Head

1 Facial muscles The facial (mimic) muscles only partially originate from defined bony structures, but all insert into the skin. 1.1 Forehead, vertex, temple M. occipitofrontalis and M. temporoparietalis are collectively named the M. epicranius. M. occipitofrontalis N. facialis [VII] O: Venter frontalis: skin of the forehead Venter occipitalis: Linea nuchalis suprema I: Galea aponeurotica F: forehead Venter frontalis: wrinkling of the forehead (expression of surprise)…

Neuroanatomy

Major Parts of the Brain and Orientation Structure/Function Development of the brain; a, b schematic frontal sections; c median section; d view from the left side. Week 4: formation of three primary brain vesicles (forebrain [prosencephalon] , midbrain [mesencephalon] , and hindbrain [rhombencephalon] ). Week 5: formation of six secondary brain vesicles (the paired vesicles of the telencephalon and the di-, mes-, met-, and myelencephalon); optic…

Neck

Surface Anatomy of the Neck Triangles of the Neck Content of the Anterior and Posterior Triangles of the Neck Content Anterior Triangle of the Neck Posterior Triangle of the Neck Arteries External carotid artery with branches Internal carotid Occipital Transverse cervical 3 rd part of subclavian suprascapular Veins External jugular Anterior jugular Internal jugular Facial Retromandibular Subclavian External jugular Nerves Mylohoid (branch of CN VIII) Ansa…

Ear

Surface Anatomy Clinical Remarks a Inherited external ear defects are common. Severe defects of the external ear and zygomatic bone, receding chin, and cleft palate are typical for the dominantly inherited FRANCESCHETTI's syndrome (mandibulofacial dysostosis). [ E247-09 ] b The cauliflower ear forms as a result of repeated blows to the ear, causing vascular damage and the collection of blood between cartilage and overlying perichondrium providing…

Eye

Surface Anatomy Clinical Remarks A conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva and causes red eye. It frequently occurs in individuals wearing contact lenses but can have multiple other causes, including viral or bacterial infections and allergies. Anemic patients display a whitish pale conjunctiva because of a low erythrocyte count. Eversion of the lower eyelid and inspection of the conjunctival sac is a simple diagnostic test…

Head

Surface Anatomy Skull Structure/Function The neurocranium (blue) is composed of eight bones: the paired parietal and temporal bones, and the unpaired frontal, ethmoid, sphenoidal, and occipital bones. The viscerocranium (also named splanchnocranium , orange) is composed of the paired nasal, zygomatic and lacrimal bones and inferior nasal conchae, as well as four unpaired bones: the vomer, maxillary (maxilla), mandibular (mandible), and palatine bones. Clinical Remarks Central…

Pelvis

Surface Anatomy Male and Female Pelvis Female Pelvis Male Pelvis Greater pelvis Shallow Deep Lesser pelvis Wide and shallow Narrow and deep Pelvic inlet Oval, rounded Heart-shaped Pelvic outlet Round, spacious Narrow Pubic arch and suprapubic angle Wide > 80° Narrow < 70° Sacrum Short and wide Long and more convex Clinical Remarks The obstetric conjugate can be manually assessed by measuring the distance between the…

Abdomen

Surface Anatomy Abdominal Regions Clinical Importance Right hypochondriac Liver and gallbladder Epigastric Pain from gastric ulcer, heartburn Left hypochondriac Spleen Right lumbar (flank) Kidney, ascending colon Umbilical Visceral pain Left lumbar (flank) Kidney, descending colon Right inguinal (groin) Appendix Hypogastric (pubic, suprapubic) Urinary bladder, rectum Left inguinal (groin) Pain from intestinal gas Horizontal Planes Vertebral Level Landmarks Anatomical Structures A: Transpyloric plane (plane of ADDISON) L1…

Thorax

Surface Anatomy Surface Landmarks and Projections to Vertebral Levels Surface Landmark Ribs/Intercostal Space (ICS) Vertebral Projection Orientation Suprasternal (jugular) notch Between upper sternoclavicular joints Level T2/T3 Trachea entering mediastinum; inferior thyroid veins, thyroid ima artery Manubrium of sternum Rib I Level T3/T4 Aortic arch; superior vena cava; thymus Sternal angle (of LOUIS); manubriosternal joint Rib II Level T4/T5 Marks transition from superior to inferior mediastinum, and…