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Bladder Calculi

KEY FACTS Terminology Concretions of mineral salts within bladder lumen Classified as migrant, primary (idiopathic), and secondary Outlet obstruction is primary mechanism for 70% of adult bladder stones You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Bladder Schistosomiasis

KEY FACTS Terminology Bilharziasis, parasitic infection Infection of urinary system by parasite Schistosoma haematobium You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Bladder Exstrophy

KEY FACTS Terminology Classic bladder exstrophy (CBE): Low midline abdominal wall defect with exposure of bladder plate & urethra + low-set umbilicus Split lower abdominal skin & rectus abdominis + pubic symphysis diastasis Bifid clitoris in females, epispadias in males Deficient genitalia & pelvic floor muscles Epispadias: Abnormal dorsal urethral opening With CBE, entire dorsal urethra open with abnormal bladder sphincter You’re Reading a Preview Become…

Introduction to the Bladder

Embryology and Anatomy The bladder is a hollow distensible viscus with a strong muscular wall. Embryologically, it forms from the urogenital sinus, which is contiguous with the allantois (a hindgut diverticulum that extends to the umbilicus). The allantois normally involutes by the 2nd month of gestation, forming the median umbilical ligament. Any persistent segments of the allantoic channel are called urachal remnants. The distal ureters are…

Ureterectasis of Pregnancy

KEY FACTS Terminology Physiologic dilatation of ureter and renal collecting system during pregnancy You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Polyps

KEY FACTS Terminology Synonym: Ureteral fibroepithelial polyp Definition: Benign mesodermal lesion with hyperplastic fibroconnective stromal core and normal urothelial lining You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Ureteral Trauma

KEY FACTS Terminology Injury of ureter from blunt, penetrating, or iatrogenic trauma You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Malakoplakia

KEY FACTS Terminology Rare chronic granulomatous condition affecting urinary tract Malacoplakia = soft plaque You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Ureteritis Cystica

KEY FACTS Terminology Reactive proliferative changes of urothelium with formation of multiple small, subepithelial cysts You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Introduction to the Ureter

Anatomy The ureter is a muscular tube extending from the ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) to the bladder for a length of 25-30 cm. The proximal ureter is in the perirenal space, passing posterior to the gonadal vessels and traveling along the psoas muscle to cross over the iliac vessels at the pelvic brim. The ureters continue inferiorly along the pelvic wall to ~ the level of the…

Contrast-Induced Nephropathy

KEY FACTS Terminology Acute kidney injury (AKI) within 24-48 hours following intravascular administration of contrast material (CM); must exclude other causes of AKI AKI: Absolute increase in serum creatinine of 0.5 mg/dL or relative 25% increase from baseline value Imaging Delayed nephrogram on subsequent CT or KUB Top Differential Diagnoses AKI Other causes of AKI, such as nephrotoxic drugs, prerenal azotemia, urinary obstruction, etc. It may…