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General information Guar gum is a low-viscosity water-soluble dietary fiber that has been used to treat diabetes because it slows the absorption of glucose from the gut. However, adverse reactions such as regurgitation, obstipation, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and itching are common [ ]. Partially hydrolysed guar gum has been added to enteral formulas and food products as a source of dietary fiber; it can reduce laxative…

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General information Guancydine is a vasodilator that has been used to treat hypertension [ ]. It inhibits the actions of angiotensin, reducing its effects on the urinary excretion of water, sodium, potassium, and calcium [ ]. Because it is a vasodilator, guancydine increases heart rate and cardiac output. Adverse reactions include orthostatic hypotension, headache, vertigo, anxiety, nervousness, paresthesia, ataxia, nausea, vomiting, xerostomia peripheral edema, gynecomastia and…

General information Griseofulvin was originally isolated in 1939 as a natural product of Penicillium griseofulvum [ ]. It interferes with fungal microtubule formation, disrupting the cell’s mitotic spindle formation and arresting the metaphase of cell division. Griseofulvin is a fungistatic compound and is active against Trichophyton , Microsporon , and Epidermophyton species [ ]. With the development of newer safer antifungal azoles and the introduction of…

See also Fluoroquinolones General information Grepafloxacin is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibiotic with extensive tissue distribution and strong antibacterial activity in vivo [ , ]. However, it was withdrawn in 1999 because of its adverse cardiovascular effects, which included dysrhythmias [ ]. Drug studies You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member.…

See also Myeloid colony-stimulating factors General information Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) primarily increases the production and activity of neutrophils, and stimulates the proliferation of monocytes and eosinophils. Recombinant human forms of GM-CSF include molgramostim and sargramostim. Based on a retrospective review and historical comparison, the safety of molgramostim has been thought to be less than that of sargramostim [ ]. However, there were no significant differences…

See also Myeloid colony-stimulating factors General information Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) primarily increases the production and function of neutrophils by stimulating the proliferation of committed myeloid precursors, rather than pluripotential stem cells [ ]. Recombinant human forms of G-CSF include filgrastim, lenograstim, and nartograstim; pegfilgrastim and pegnartograstim are pegylated derivatives of filgrastim and nartograstim. Besides common therapeutic indications, G-CSF has also been used in severe chronic…

General information Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG, hCG), extracted from the urine of pregnant women, has mainly luteinizing hormone (LH) activity. Human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG, hMG) contains both follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone in about equal amounts. Where materials of natural origin are used, the relative amounts of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in pituitary gonadotropin extracts vary with the extraction procedure used. However, in recent…

General information The gonadorelin antagonists include abarelix, cetrorelix, degarelix, detirelix, ganirelix, iturelix, prazarelix, ramorelix, and teverelix. Gonadorelin agonists suppress the release of gonadotropin after an initial surge: pituitary suppression takes up to 2 weeks to develop. Competitive antagonists at gonadorelin receptors cause immediate inhibition of gonadotropin secretion without down-regulating the receptor. This class of agents would therefore be preferable to gonadorelin agonists when a rapid clinical…

General information Gonadorelin is gonadotropin-releasing hormone. The effects of gonadorelin depend on the duration of use. Gonadotropin release is stimulated in the short term, but is later suppressed owing to down-regulation of hypophyseal receptors. Its therapeutic indications have been summarized [ ]. Long-acting and depot formulations have the same adverse effects as shorter-acting analogues. The available gonadorelin analogues include buserelin, goserelin, leuprorelin, nafarelin, and triptorelin. Gonadorelin…

General information Gold is a heavy yellow-colored element (symbol Au; atomic no. 79). Its symbol derives from the Latin word aurum. It is usually found as the metallic element but can occur as salts such gold telluride (sylvanite). Auranofin is a triethylphosphine gold derivative for oral administration. Sodium aurothiomalate is water-soluble and is given intramuscularly as an aqueous solution. Aurothioglucose is water-soluble and is given intramuscularly…

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General information Glycols are aliphatic dihydric alcohols. Primary and secondary glycols are thick liquids, and tertiary glycols (pinacones) are crystalline solids. The principal glycols to which people are or have been exposed, either occupationally or in medicinal products, are listed in Table 1 . Table 1 Glycols Glycol Structure Diethylene glycol HO.CH.CH 2 .O.CH 2 .CH 2 .OH Ethylene glycol HO.CH 2 .CH 2 .OH Ethyl…

General information Glycine is an amino acid that is used in a 1.5% solution for bladder irrigation during transurethral prostatectomy and sometimes continuously for 24 hours after surgery. It has also been used to irrigate renal stone fragments after percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy [ ] and to distend the uterus during transcervical resection of endometrium [ ]. Systemic absorption of the irrigating fluid occurs during these procedures.…

General information Glycerol is a colorless syrupy liquid that is used medically as a laxative given orally, as an enema, or in the form of suppositories. Oral hypertonic glycerol has been used as a test for reversibility of the symptoms of Ménière’s disease [ ]; however, it causes headache, nausea, and vomiting and is of poor sensitivity and specificity. Intravenous glycerol has been given to reduce…

General information Aldehydes such as glutaral (glutaraldehyde), formaldehyde, and glyoxal are used as solutions and vapors for disinfection and sterilization. The safety and biocidal efficacy of glutaral has led to its endorsement by the CDC and WHO as a substitute for formaldehyde in high-level disinfection and cold sterilization [ , ]. Glutaral is used in a 2% aqueous solution buffered to a pH of about 8…

General information Among other drugs glutamic acid has been proposed to be neuroprotective, and it has been used to reduce vincristine neurotoxicity [ ]. In a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, concurrent oral administration of 500 mg glutamic acid tds with vincristine reduced the incidence of subjective and objective signs of vincristine neurotoxicity; however, there were no differences in constipation, weakness, or loss of knee reflexes […

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General information Glucagon-like peptide-1 is an intestinal hormone that increases insulin secretion and biosynthesis, has a trophic effect on beta cells, suppresses glucagon secretion, delays gastric emptying, increases satiety, and reduces food intake [ ]. Its effects are glucose-dependent and it should not cause hypoglycemia, but in healthy subjects hypoglycemia can occur after high doses or after fasting. Although it is a candidate for the treatment…