General information Gallamine is a non-depolarizing muscle relaxant. For intubation, a dose of about 2 mg/kg (some authors say 3–4 mg/kg) is necessary, and the duration of effect is then similar to the usual intubating doses of d -tubocurarine or pancuronium. A dose of 1–1.5 mg/kg is usually sufficient to produce apnea and adequate abdominal relaxation. Such doses are said to be short-acting (20 minutes) but…

General information Gadolinium chelates for MRI are inert, non-metabolized, small molecules, with essentially the same pharmacokinetic properties as the iodinated contrast agents [ ]. They are rapidly distributed in the extracellular fluid spaces, both intravascular and extravascular, although they do not cross the normal blood–brain barrier, and are almost entirely excreted by glomerular filtration, with no significant active tubular excretion or re-absorption. Hepatic excretion occurs in…

See also Antiepileptic drugs General information Gabapentin is used as adjunctive treatment for partial seizures and may be useful in some non-epileptic disorders, such as neuropathic pain. It has a favorable tolerability profile and is devoid of significant interactions with other anticonvulsants [ ]. Major adverse reactions to gabapentin include dizzy spells, drowsiness, fatigue, and headache [ ]. Drug studies Observational studies The efficacy of gabapentin…

General information Fusidic acid is the best-known representative of a group of antibiotics with steroid structures, which are eliminated primarily by biliary excretion as microbiologically inactive metabolites. The antibacterial action of fusidic acid is bacteriostatic, although it can be bactericidal at higher concentrations. It exerts its antibacterial effect by inhibiting protein synthesis, but the exact mechanism by which this inhibition occurs has not yet been elucidated.…

General information Furosemide is one of the so-called high-ceiling or loop diuretics, which can achieve a much greater peak diuresis than the thiazides. It is widely and frequently used both orally and parenterally over a wider dosage range than the thiazide diuretics, because its concentration–effect curve is steeper and because it is effective in patients with moderate renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance 5–25 ml/minute), in whom the…

General information Furazolidone has been used in the treatment of giardiasis. Adverse reactions are usually mild and transient: abdominal discomfort, nausea, and vomiting; the urine may be dark-colored [ ]. Metabolites of furazolidone inhibit monoamine oxidase [ , ] and there is therefore the potential for interactions with monoamines and with opioid analgesics; hyperpyrexia has been reported in rabbits that were given furazolidone and pethidine […

General information Furaltadone, 5-morpholinomethyl-3-(5-nitrofurfuryliden-amino)oxazolidin-2-one), is a crystalline antibiotic powder that is added to animal feeds. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Fumaric acid esters are used to treat a variety of skin disorders, including psoriasis [ ], cutaneous sarcoidosis [ ], necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum [ ], and disseminated granuloma annulare [ ]. Dimethylfumarate has been used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, to reduce the frequency of relapse and to slow the onset of disability [ ]. It activates the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2…

General information Attention has been drawn to the use of fructose-based and sorbitol-based solutions for parenteral administration in Germany and German-speaking countries, where they are available for routine fluid replacement and intravenous feeding, and are widely prescribed, even after minor surgical procedures [ ]. Their main advantage is claimed to be the avoidance of a blood glucose raising effect, particularly in severely ill patients with glucose…

General information Preparations from the gum resin of Boswellia serrata have been used as traditional remedies in Ayurvedic medicine in India for inflammatory diseases [ ]. The gum contains substances that have anti-inflammatory properties; they are pentacyclic triterpenes related to boswellic acid, which inhibit leukotriene biosynthesis in neutrophilic granulocytes by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase. Certain boswellic acids also inhibit elastase in leukocytes, inhibit proliferation, induce apoptosis, and inhibit…

See also Opioid receptor agonists General information Frakefamide is a peripherally acting opioid MOR (μ or OP 3 ) receptor agonist. It has restricted penetration of the blood–brain barrier into the central nervous system and has selective MOR receptor agonist activity. It is a large molecule (molar mass 600 Da), a fluorinated tetrapeptide, H-Tyr-(D)Ala-(pF)Phe-Phe-NH 2 hydrochloride, with potent analgesic activity in both rats and humans. You’re…

General information The fragrance mix, introduced in 1977 by Larsen [ ], is used to detect sensitivity to fragrances in, for example, cosmetics and household products [ ]. The mix contains eight widely used fragrance compounds. Additional indicators of fragrance allergy are balsam of Peru and colophony. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If…

General information Fosmidomycin is an antimicrobial drug that acts by inhibiting 1-deoxy- d -xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase, a key enzyme of the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis. It inhibits the synthesis of isoprenoids by Plasmodium falciparum and suppresses the growth of multidrug-resistant strains in vitro [ ]. In an open, uncontrolled study, fosmidomycin was administered for 3–5 days (1.2 g every 8 hours) to 27 adults with…

See also Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors General information Fosinopril is a phosphorus-containing ester prodrug of the ACE inhibitor fosinoprilat. Its clinical pharmacology, clinical use, and safety profile have been reviewed [ ]. Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Fosfomycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used to treat uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections. It penetrates interstitial space fluids of soft tissues well and reaches concentrations sufficient to substantially inhibit the growth of relevant bacteria at the target site [ ]. Fosfomycin has relatively low toxicity. Its penetration into tissues, including bones and joints, and into the cerebrospinal fluid is good. When given orally (2–3…

General information Foscarnet (trisodium phosphonoformate hexahydrate) is a pyrophosphate analogue that interacts with the enzymatic action of polymerases and inhibits the cleavage of pyrophosphate from the nucleoside triphosphate. Because of this mechanism, the antiviral activity of the drug is broad. Foscarnet is a non-competitive inhibitor of herpesvirus DNA polymerase, hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase, and reverse transcriptases [ ]. Intravenous foscarnet has been used for the…

See also Beta 2 -adrenoceptor agonists General information Formoterol is a long-acting selective β 2 -adrenoceptor agonist that is more potent than salmeterol [ ] and has a similar duration of action (12 hours) but a rapid onset of effect similar to that of salbutamol. It is available as a multidose, pressurized aerosol and as a dry powder inhaler, delivering 0.006 or 0.012 mg per dose.…

General information Aldehydes such as formaldehyde, glyoxal, and glutaral (glutaraldehyde) are used as solutions and vapors for disinfection and sterilization. They are irritating and sensitizing and cause contact dermatitis in health-care workers [ ]. Exposure to formaldehyde occurs in certain occupational settings associated with its use as a sterilizing agent, but exposure to formaldehyde-emitting products such as particle board, urea formaldehyde insulation, carpeting, and furniture is…

See also Hair dyes , Ocular dyes General information The US Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (1938) [ ] defined three classes of certifiable colors: 1. FD&C colors: for use in coloring food, drugs, and cosmetics. 2. D&C colors: for use in coloring drugs and cosmetics intended for internal application or ingestion. 3. External D&C colors: for use in coloring drugs and cosmetics intended for…

See also Factor Xa inhibitors, direct General information Fondaparinux and idraparinux are indirect factor Xa inhibitors. Fondaparinux is a synthetic pentasaccharide that mimics the site of heparin that binds to antithrombin III and inhibits factor Xa activity, which in turn inhibits thrombin generation. It does not release tissue factor pathway inhibitor. It is nearly completely absorbed after subcutaneous administration, has a rapid onset of action and…