General information Imatinib (STI571), an inhibitor of bcr-abl tyrosine kinase, has become the first-line agent in the treatment of the chronic phase of chronic myeloid leukemia and of locally advanced and metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) that express the CD117 antigen. The recommended dosage is 400 mg/day for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia or GIST and 600 mg/day in the accelerated phase or blast crisis of…

General information Iloprost is an analogue of prostacyclin (PGI 2 ), the pharmacodynamic properties of which it mimics, namely inhibition of platelet aggregation, vasodilatation, and cytoprotection. Iloprost has greater chemical stability than prostacyclin, which facilitates its clinical use [ ]. Iloprost is mainly used in patients with chronic critical leg ischemia due to atherosclerosis or Buerger’s disease. Episodic digital ischemia in patients with systemic sclerosis or…

General information The family of Illiciaceae contains a single genus, Illicium , the star anise species. Illicium species Illicium anisatum contains sesquiterpenoids, such as anisatin, anisotin, neoanisatin, and pseudoanisatin. Illicium religiosum (Japanese star anise) contains shikimic acid, anisatin and neoanisatin. Illicium verum (Chinese star anise) contains the monoterpenoid transanethole. Chinese star anise has been used to treat infant colic, but can be confused with Japanese star…

See also Cytotoxic and immunosuppressant drugs General information Ifosfamide is an alkylating agent belonging to the group of oxazaphosphorines. It is used to treat a variety of solid tumors in children, including rhabdomyosarcoma, soft tissue sarcomas, Wilms’ tumor, bone sarcomas, and neuroblastoma, and leukemias and lymphomas in adults. It is also sometimes used in combination with other drugs, such as doxorubicin or cisplatin and etoposide. Organs…

General information Idoxuridine, which is active against Herpes simplex and Varicella zoster , has only been used in topical antiherpetic solutions. It has been used to treat superficial keratitis, but with poor results in deep stromal diseases because of poor solubility. Idoxuridine is unstable and cannot eliminate the virus from the eye. Allergic and toxic reactions occur in 5–8% of patients. Organs and systems You’re Reading…

General information Like tamoxifen, toremifene, and droloxifene, idoxifene is a polyphenylethylene antiestrogen. It is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) with greater antiestrogenic activity than tamoxifen but less estrogenic activity. Its preclinical toxicology has been reviewed [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) GENERAL INFORMATION Ibuproxam (2-(4-isobutylphenyl)-propiohydroxamic acid) is a derivative of ibuprofen (2-(4-isobutylphenyl)-propionic acid), and after absorption is gradually hydrolysed to ibuprofen [ ]. It is supposed to be less gastrotoxic than ibuprofen. However, gastrointestinal adverse reactions have been reported, including nausea, vomiting, occult gastrointestinal blood loss, and rectal pain [ ] You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for…

See also Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) General information Like other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), ibuprofen is a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, and many or all of its therapeutic and toxic effects are linked to this characteristic. The general impression is that it is less potent and thus less toxic than indometacin in usual doses, but it has often been used in the past in relatively…

See also Monoclonal antibodies General information Ibritumomab is a murine IgG 1 anti-CD20 antibody, the parent of the engineered chimeric antibody rituximab, a monoclonal antibody with mouse variable and human constant regions. It induces apoptosis and has antiproliferative effects. Ibritumomab tiuxetan (Zevalin) is composed of the monoclonal antibody ibritumomab, the linking chelator tiuxetan, and the radioisotope 90 yttrium [ ]. General adverse effects and adverse reactions…

General information Ibopamine is a dopamine derivative that has been studied in patients with congestive heart failure [ ] and has been used as a preoperative mydriatic for cataract surgery [ ] and to treat chronic refractory ocular hyptotony, although it often causes ocular irritation [ ]. Some of the adverse reactions to ibopamine can be considered to result from its pharmacological actions. Its gastrointestinal effects…

See also Anticholinergic drugs General information Hyoscine is an anticholinergic drug, a stereoisomer of atropine. It is available in different salts, hyoscine hydrobromide and hyoscine butylbromide. When given parenterally hyoscine butylbromide is effective but very short-acting; when given by mouth it is virtually inactive, even in doses up to 1 g, since it is hardly absorbed. Hyoscine hydrobromide is used primarily in motion sickness; doses of…

See also Antivenoms , Immunotherapy General information The Hymenoptera genus, one of the largest genera of insects, includes bees and wasps, sawflies and ants. The name comes from Greek words for a membrane (hymen) and a wing (pteron). Bee and wasp venoms The toxins in bee venom include apamin, which inhibits small-conductance calcium-dependent potassium channels, and melittin, which activates phospholipase A2 and causes pain; histamine and…

See also Antihistamines General information Hydroxyzine is a first-generation antihistamine, a piperazine derivative, with antimuscarinic and sedative properties. Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Cytotoxic and immunosuppressant drugs General information Hydroxycarbamide (hydroxyurea) is used to treat a variety of cancers, myeloproliferative disorders, and sickle cell disease, and has been studied in patients with HIV infection [ ]. It inhibits ribonucleotide reductase and increases concentrations of iron nitrosyl hemoglobin, nitrite, and nitrate, suggesting in vivo metabolism of hydroxycarbamide to nitric oxide [ ]. Organs and systems Hematologic Concern about…

General information Hydroquinone has been used in skin bleaching formulations for the treatment of hyperpigmentation and can cause short- and mid-term reactions like exogenous ochronosis and leukoderma en confetti, irritant reactions, and allergic reactions [ ]. Long-term adverse reactions such as nephrotoxicity and carcinogenicity have only been demonstrated in animals. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles…

General information Intolerable adverse reactions or inadequate analgesia occur in 10–15% of patients with chronic pain given continuous intrathecal morphine. Hydromorphone is a semisynthetic derivative of morphine used extensively in the management of cancer pain. It is more soluble than morphine, has a slightly shorter duration of action, and is about five times more potent when given systemically. Drug studies Observational studies In an open, single…

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See also Fluoride salts and derivatives General information Hydrofluoric acid is widely used in industrial settings, but also in domestic products, such as cleaning solutions and rust removers. On the other hand, it is one of the most corrosive inorganic acids because of its strong affinity for protein [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles…

General information Hydrocodone is a semisynthetic narcotic analgesic and a cough suppressant, similar to codeine. It is metabolized to the O- and N-demethylated products, hydromorphone and norhydrocodone [ ]. Drug studies You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Hydrazine sulfate has been claimed to be effective in the management of cancers [ , ] and has been promoted as an alternative cancer cure [ ]. However, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled studies have suggested no benefit from hydrazine [ ], and it is itself carcinogenic. Hydrazine can arise as a metabolite of drugs such as isoniazid [ ] and atazanavir [ ] and may…