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General information Halothane is a non-inflammable hydrocarbon that induces anesthesia, with little tendency to excitement. Contrary to earlier assumptions, halothane is metabolized, the consequences of which are discussed below [ , ]. Organs and systems Cardiovascular Halothane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane are potent coronary vasodilators, able to produce some degree of coronary steal in ischemic regions. Despite this, halothane may preferentially dilate large coronary arteries and/or interfere…

General information Haloperidol is a butyrophenone neuroleptic drug. Its pharmacokinetics have been reviewed, with special emphasis on interactions [ ]. The enzymes involved in its biotransformation include oxidative cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, carbonyl reductase, and uridine diphosphoglucose glucuronosyltransferase. It is mainly cleared by glucuronidation. Drug studies Placebo-controlled studies There has been a randomized, placebo-controlled comparison of haloperidol (mean dose 1.8 mg/day), trazodone (200 mg/day), and behavior management…

General information The halogenated quinolines include clioquinol (iodochlorohydroxyquinoline), diiodohydroxyquinoline, broxyquinoline, and chlorquinaldol (all rINNs). Once regarded as a prophylactic and remedy for simple diarrhea, some of them remain in limited use for special purposes, notably for the treatment of amebiasis when no alternative is available. A major epidemic of subacute myelo-optic neuropathy (SMON) in Japan during 1956–70 was identified as being due to clioquinol, which led…

General information Halofantrine is a phenanthrene-methanol derivative of an aminoalcohol, active against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Halofantrine was known during World War II but was little used at that time. It is slowly and incompletely absorbed with peak concentrations 3.5–6 hours after dosing. Its absorption in its original formulation was unpredictable [ ]. Dose-finding studies with halofantrine showed treatment failures with a single dose but cures…

See also Cyanoacrylates General information Hair bonds and hair extensions are used both as cosmetic hair alterations and in localized or diffuse alopecia. The commercial glues used to affix the exogenous hair are gelatinous liquids that contain pigments, antioxidants, such as butylated hydroxytoluene, and natural latex. The last two of these are covered in separate monographs. Cyanoacrylate glues are used extensively in various forms of surgery.…

See also Food, drug, and cosmetic dyes General information Hair dyes (for example henna, paraphenylenediamine, and paratoluenediamine) have been reviewed [ ]. They have moderate to low acute toxicity. Poisoning is rare and occurs only after oral ingestion. Contact sensitization usually occurs from unprotected professional exposure, but the prevalence has stabilized or fallen over the years. In vitro genotoxicity tests of hair dye ingredients have often…

General information Haemophilus influenzae causes several infectious diseases in man, the most serious being meningitis. Most cases of Haemophilus influenzae infection are due to type b of the organism (Hib). Two types of Hib vaccines have been developed: Hib capsular polysaccharide (PRP) vaccines are first-generation Hib vaccines, while Hib conjugate vaccines are second-generation vaccines. The capsular polysaccharide vaccines do not protect infants and children under 18…

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General information Guar gum is a low-viscosity water-soluble dietary fiber that has been used to treat diabetes because it slows the absorption of glucose from the gut. However, adverse reactions such as regurgitation, obstipation, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and itching are common [ ]. Partially hydrolysed guar gum has been added to enteral formulas and food products as a source of dietary fiber; it can reduce laxative…

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General information Guancydine is a vasodilator that has been used to treat hypertension [ ]. It inhibits the actions of angiotensin, reducing its effects on the urinary excretion of water, sodium, potassium, and calcium [ ]. Because it is a vasodilator, guancydine increases heart rate and cardiac output. Adverse reactions include orthostatic hypotension, headache, vertigo, anxiety, nervousness, paresthesia, ataxia, nausea, vomiting, xerostomia peripheral edema, gynecomastia and…

General information Griseofulvin was originally isolated in 1939 as a natural product of Penicillium griseofulvum [ ]. It interferes with fungal microtubule formation, disrupting the cell’s mitotic spindle formation and arresting the metaphase of cell division. Griseofulvin is a fungistatic compound and is active against Trichophyton , Microsporon , and Epidermophyton species [ ]. With the development of newer safer antifungal azoles and the introduction of…

See also Fluoroquinolones General information Grepafloxacin is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibiotic with extensive tissue distribution and strong antibacterial activity in vivo [ , ]. However, it was withdrawn in 1999 because of its adverse cardiovascular effects, which included dysrhythmias [ ]. Drug studies You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member.…

See also Myeloid colony-stimulating factors General information Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) primarily increases the production and activity of neutrophils, and stimulates the proliferation of monocytes and eosinophils. Recombinant human forms of GM-CSF include molgramostim and sargramostim. Based on a retrospective review and historical comparison, the safety of molgramostim has been thought to be less than that of sargramostim [ ]. However, there were no significant differences…

See also Myeloid colony-stimulating factors General information Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) primarily increases the production and function of neutrophils by stimulating the proliferation of committed myeloid precursors, rather than pluripotential stem cells [ ]. Recombinant human forms of G-CSF include filgrastim, lenograstim, and nartograstim; pegfilgrastim and pegnartograstim are pegylated derivatives of filgrastim and nartograstim. Besides common therapeutic indications, G-CSF has also been used in severe chronic…

General information Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG, hCG), extracted from the urine of pregnant women, has mainly luteinizing hormone (LH) activity. Human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG, hMG) contains both follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone in about equal amounts. Where materials of natural origin are used, the relative amounts of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in pituitary gonadotropin extracts vary with the extraction procedure used. However, in recent…

General information The gonadorelin antagonists include abarelix, cetrorelix, degarelix, detirelix, ganirelix, iturelix, prazarelix, ramorelix, and teverelix. Gonadorelin agonists suppress the release of gonadotropin after an initial surge: pituitary suppression takes up to 2 weeks to develop. Competitive antagonists at gonadorelin receptors cause immediate inhibition of gonadotropin secretion without down-regulating the receptor. This class of agents would therefore be preferable to gonadorelin agonists when a rapid clinical…

General information Gonadorelin is gonadotropin-releasing hormone. The effects of gonadorelin depend on the duration of use. Gonadotropin release is stimulated in the short term, but is later suppressed owing to down-regulation of hypophyseal receptors. Its therapeutic indications have been summarized [ ]. Long-acting and depot formulations have the same adverse effects as shorter-acting analogues. The available gonadorelin analogues include buserelin, goserelin, leuprorelin, nafarelin, and triptorelin. Gonadorelin…