General information Hexetidine has been used as an oral cavity antiseptic and in preventing plaque and gingival inflammation [ ]. At the concentration normally used (1 mg/ml), it is effective in vitro against Gram-positive bacteria and Candida albicans , but insufficiently active against most Gram-negative bacteria. However, the duration of the reduction in germ count is not longer than 1 hour. When applied to mucosae it…

General information 1,2,6-hexanetriol is used as a humectant, solvent, and viscosity-controlling agent in medicaments and cosmetics. Some drug delivery systems involve the use of poly(ortho esters), prepared by the condensation of 1,2,6-hexanetriol and an alkyl orthoacetate [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Hexachlorophene has been extensively used as an ingredient of innumerable kinds of consumer goods and medical formulations. Since 1961, when it was reported that daily bathing of newborn infants with a 3% hexachlorophene suspension prevented colonization of the skin by coagulase-positive staphylococci, hexachlorophene has been widely used in hospital nurseries. However, hexachlorophene readily penetrates excoriated or otherwise damaged skin and absorption through intact skin…

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General information Members of the individual plant genera listed in Table 1 , based on the lists given in the Kew Herbarium Catalogue [ ], are covered in separate monographs. Each of the monographs has the following structure: Family: each monograph is organized under a family of plants (for example Asparagaceae). Genera: the various genera that are included under the family name are tabulated (for example…

General information Hepatitis A The successful propagation of hepatitis A virus in cell culture made the development of hepatitis A vaccines a realistic possibility. Various experimental hepatitis A vaccines have been tested in clinical trials. In December 1991, the first hepatitis A vaccine was licensed in Western European countries. Currently, two different hepatitis vaccines (prepared using different inactivation process) as well as vaccines for children (containing…

General information Heparins are mucopolysaccharides whose molecules are of varying lengths. Unfractionated heparin contains molecules of average molecular weight of 12 000–15 000 Da. Low molecular weight heparins contain molecules whose average molecular weight is below 5000 Da. Each formulation of a low molecular weight heparin contains a different range of sizes of molecules, but they have in common more activity against factor Xa than thrombin…

General information A number of compounds that have, or supposedly have, hemostatic activity are reviewed here. Some of them are obsolete and are included largely for historical interest. Others, such as fibrin glue, are still in use. Aminaphtone Experiments in the 1970s with aminaphtone (2-hydroxy-3-methyl-1,4-naphthohydroquinone-2-p-aminobenzoate) suggested that it could significantly shorten the bleeding time in both normal and heparinized rabbits and mice [ ]. Subsequent clinical…

See also Perfluorocarbons General information Oxygen carriers can be divided into two classes: hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers, prepared from hemoglobin of human or bovine origin, and synthetic perfluorocarbons (see separate monograph). Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers are infusible oxygen-carrying fluids prepared from purified human or animal hemoglobin; they do not need to be refrigerated and cross-matching is unnecessary [ , ]. However, small amounts of residual cell membranes are…

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General information Halothane is a non-inflammable hydrocarbon that induces anesthesia, with little tendency to excitement. Contrary to earlier assumptions, halothane is metabolized, the consequences of which are discussed below [ , ]. Organs and systems Cardiovascular Halothane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane are potent coronary vasodilators, able to produce some degree of coronary steal in ischemic regions. Despite this, halothane may preferentially dilate large coronary arteries and/or interfere…

General information Haloperidol is a butyrophenone neuroleptic drug. Its pharmacokinetics have been reviewed, with special emphasis on interactions [ ]. The enzymes involved in its biotransformation include oxidative cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, carbonyl reductase, and uridine diphosphoglucose glucuronosyltransferase. It is mainly cleared by glucuronidation. Drug studies Placebo-controlled studies There has been a randomized, placebo-controlled comparison of haloperidol (mean dose 1.8 mg/day), trazodone (200 mg/day), and behavior management…

General information The halogenated quinolines include clioquinol (iodochlorohydroxyquinoline), diiodohydroxyquinoline, broxyquinoline, and chlorquinaldol (all rINNs). Once regarded as a prophylactic and remedy for simple diarrhea, some of them remain in limited use for special purposes, notably for the treatment of amebiasis when no alternative is available. A major epidemic of subacute myelo-optic neuropathy (SMON) in Japan during 1956–70 was identified as being due to clioquinol, which led…

General information Halofantrine is a phenanthrene-methanol derivative of an aminoalcohol, active against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Halofantrine was known during World War II but was little used at that time. It is slowly and incompletely absorbed with peak concentrations 3.5–6 hours after dosing. Its absorption in its original formulation was unpredictable [ ]. Dose-finding studies with halofantrine showed treatment failures with a single dose but cures…

See also Cyanoacrylates General information Hair bonds and hair extensions are used both as cosmetic hair alterations and in localized or diffuse alopecia. The commercial glues used to affix the exogenous hair are gelatinous liquids that contain pigments, antioxidants, such as butylated hydroxytoluene, and natural latex. The last two of these are covered in separate monographs. Cyanoacrylate glues are used extensively in various forms of surgery.…

See also Food, drug, and cosmetic dyes General information Hair dyes (for example henna, paraphenylenediamine, and paratoluenediamine) have been reviewed [ ]. They have moderate to low acute toxicity. Poisoning is rare and occurs only after oral ingestion. Contact sensitization usually occurs from unprotected professional exposure, but the prevalence has stabilized or fallen over the years. In vitro genotoxicity tests of hair dye ingredients have often…

General information Haemophilus influenzae causes several infectious diseases in man, the most serious being meningitis. Most cases of Haemophilus influenzae infection are due to type b of the organism (Hib). Two types of Hib vaccines have been developed: Hib capsular polysaccharide (PRP) vaccines are first-generation Hib vaccines, while Hib conjugate vaccines are second-generation vaccines. The capsular polysaccharide vaccines do not protect infants and children under 18…