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General information Flupirtine is a non-opiate, centrally acting analgesic, with muscle relaxant properties. It causes predominantly nervous system adverse reactions (visual, disorientation, confusion, tremor). About 26% of patients develop minor adverse reactions [ ]. Drug studies You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Neuroleptic drugs General information Fluphenazine is a phenothiazine neuroleptic drug. In a double-blind comparison of a group of stabilized outpatients taking a low dosage of fluphenazine enanthate (1.25–5 mg every 2 weeks) with a group taking a standard dosage (12.5–50 mg every 2 weeks), relapse rates were higher in the low-dose group (56%) than in the standard-dose group (7%) [ ]. However, patients in…

See also Neuroleptic drugs General information Flupentixol is a thioxanthene neuroleptic drug. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) General Information Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI). The manufacturers of fluoxetine have published a review of the adverse effects and reactions that were noted in 1378 patients who took it for up to 2 years [ ]. The major adverse reactions to fluoxetine confirm its stimulant profile and its relative lack of anticholinergic actions. The most…

See also Cytotoxic and immunosuppressant drugs General information Fluorouracil is a fluorinated pyrimidine, which is converted intracellularly to the active form, fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate, which inhibits thymidylate synthetase and hence reduces the production of thymidylic acid, the deoxyribonucleotide of thymine (5-methyluracil), a DNA pyrimidine base, blocking DNA synthesis. In addition, intracellular conversion to 5-fluorouridine monophosphate results in incorporation of the activated antimetabolite into RNA and consequent RNA…

General information Following the introduction of the first quinolone antibiotic (nalidixic acid, see separate monograph), structural modifications to the basic quinolone and naphthyridone nucleus and to the side-chains produced fluoroquinolones with improved coverage of bacterial pathogens, with high activity against Gram-negative species and a number of atypical pathogens, and with good-to-moderate activity against Gram-positive species. However, despite their broad spectrum and clinical success, defects became evident,…

General information Fluoride is the single most potent bone-forming agent currently available for therapeutic use [ ]. The active moiety is the fluoride ion itself, and its main pharmacological effect is on dental enamel and bone. Fluoride ions bind to calcium ions, stimulating trabecular bone formation. Different fluoride products have been used for the therapy of osteoporosis. The first was sodium fluoride (NaF), but that had…

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See also Benzodiazepines General information Flunitrazepam has acquired a reputation for toxicity, abuse potential [ ] and associated forensic problems [ ], including being implicated in sexual assault (“date rape”) [ ]. It has been withdrawn from general availability in various countries, including the USA, Australia, and New Zealand, and it is considered to be a narcotic in various European countries. It has a rapid onset…

General information Flumazenil is used as a benzodiazepine antagonist in the treatment of poisoning or the reversal of benzodiazepine effects in anesthesia [ , ] or in neonates [ ]. Guidelines for its use have been summarized [ ]. The problems in its use are those of dose adjustment, the risks of panic anxiety, seizures, or other signs of excessively rapid benzodiazepine withdrawal, and pharmacokinetic problems…

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See also Cytotoxic and immunosuppressant drugs General information Fludarabine phosphate is a purine nucleoside antitumor agent, which inhibits adenosine deaminase. It is mainly used to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Dose-limiting myelotoxicity, nausea and vomiting, and raised liver enzymes were observed during early clinical studies. The most common adverse effect is myelosuppression (grade 3 or 4), and other common adverse reactions include infections and gastrointestinal disturbances, although…

See also Cytotoxic and immunosuppressant drugs General information Flucytosine is an antimetabolite of the fluoropyrimidine type. The principle of selectivity of flucytosine for the fungal cell is dual: it depends on an enzyme in order to penetrate the cell (fungal cytosine permease) and a fungal enzyme that deaminates flucytosine to the active antimetabolite 5-fluorouracil, which is metabolized to 5-fluorouridine. Replacement of 5-fluorouracil in RNA results in…

See also Antifungal azoles [for systemic use] General information Fluconazole is an antifungal triazole that was derived from the older imidazoles. It has a lower molecular weight and is soluble in water. It can be administered orally and parenterally. Pharmacokinetics After oral administration, its systemic availability is about 90%; maximum plasma concentrations are seen in 1–2 hours, its half-life is about 30 hours and steady state…

See also Cytotoxic and immunosuppressant drugs General information Floxuridine is a pyrimidine analogue that is used in regional arterial chemotherapy for primary and metastatic malignancies, delivered using an implantable pump. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also COX-2 inhibitors (coxibs) General information The clinical development flosulide, a COX-2 inhibitor, was discontinued because of nephrotoxicity [ ]. Measurement of renal prostaglandin synthesis did not predict its nephrotoxicity in single-dose and short-term studies [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) General information Floctafenine is a 4-aminoquinoline NSAID, closely related to antrafenine and glafenine, and its adverse reactions profile is similar [ ]. Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Antidysrhythmic drugs General information Flecainide is a class Ic antidysrhythmic drug. Its clinical pharmacology, clinical use, and adverse effects and reactions have been reviewed [ ]. Drug studies Observational studies Intravenous flecainide 2 mg/kg over 10 minutes (maximum 150 mg) has been used to treat paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in 23 patients without congestive heart failure, acute coronary syndrome, electrolyte imbalance, significant hepatic and renal…

See also Anticholinergic drugs General information Flavoxate is an anticholinergic drug that is used to treat bladder detrusor instability. It can cause all the adverse effects and reactions that would be expected from its anticholinergic action. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here