General information The notion that an oral contraceptive closely similar to that used in women might be developed for men has been discussed for many years, but the concept has not found wide acceptance. Delays in putting the concept into practice have related variously to difficulties in finding an effective combination, complaints of reduced libido or potency, and the long delay between the start of treatment…

General information The intracervical and intravaginal methods of contraception have not come into regular use, and experience with them has therefore been limited. For a complete account of adverse reactions to progestogens, readers should consult the following monographs as well as this one: Hormonal contraceptives—progestogen implants Hormonal contraceptives—progestogen injections Hormonal contraceptives—oral Hormone replacement therapy—estrogens + progestogens Medroxyprogesterone Progestogens. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree…

General information For a complete account of adverse reactions to estrogens, readers should consult the following monographs as well as this one: Diethylstilbestrol Estrogens Hormonal contraceptives—oral Hormone replacement therapy—estrogens Hormone replacement therapy—estrogens + androgens Hormone replacement therapy—estrogens + progestogens In a 2002 review of the English language literature the two most commonly used forms of emergency contraception in the USA, the source of most of the…

General information For a complete account of adverse reactions to estrogens, readers should consult the following monographs as well as this one: Diethylstilbestrol; Estrogens; Hormonal contraceptives—emergency contraception; Hormone replacement therapy—estrogens; Hormone replacement therapy—estrogens + androgens; Hormone replacement therapy—estrogens + progestogens. For a complete account of adverse reactions to progestogens, readers should consult the following monographs as well as this one: Hormonal contraceptives—implants; Hormonal contraceptives—progestogen injections; Hormonal…

See also Antihistamines General information Homochlorcyclizine is a first-generation antihistamine [ ] with high affinity for muscarinic receptors [ ] and an inhibitory effect on the release of arachidonic acid from neutrophil leukocytes [ ]. It may also be an alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a…

General information Statins inhibit HMG-CoA reductase and reduce cellular cholesterol synthesis [ ]. Lower intracellular cholesterol concentrations cause over-expression of the LDL receptor in the plasma membrane of hepatocytes. This overexpression increases the clearance of circulating LDL, reducing plasma concentrations of LDL cholesterol. The statins include atorvastatin, bervastatin, cerivastatin, crilvastatin, dalvastatin, fluvastatin, glenvastatin, lovastatin, mevastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin, and tenivastatin (all rINNs). Atorvastatin, cerivastatin, fluvastatin,…

General information All the HIV protease inhibitors have in common a specific effect against the aspartic HIV protease that cleaves viral proteins to yield structural proteins. Competitive inhibition of this process by the protease inhibitors results in the production of immature, non-infectious virus particles. These drugs are also characterized by their high specificity, being more than a thousand-fold more active against viral than human aspartic proteases.…

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General information The family of Hippocastanaceae contains the single genus Aesculus (buckeye, horse chestnut). Aescin is the major active principle from the horse chestnut tree ( Aesculus hippocastanum ) and is claimed to have clinical activity in venous insufficiency. Investigations in animal models indicate anti-edematous, anti-inflammatory and venotonic properties. Aescin is a complex mixture of triterpene saponins. It consists of a water-soluble fraction (alpha-aescin) and a…

General information Hexetidine has been used as an oral cavity antiseptic and in preventing plaque and gingival inflammation [ ]. At the concentration normally used (1 mg/ml), it is effective in vitro against Gram-positive bacteria and Candida albicans , but insufficiently active against most Gram-negative bacteria. However, the duration of the reduction in germ count is not longer than 1 hour. When applied to mucosae it…

General information 1,2,6-hexanetriol is used as a humectant, solvent, and viscosity-controlling agent in medicaments and cosmetics. Some drug delivery systems involve the use of poly(ortho esters), prepared by the condensation of 1,2,6-hexanetriol and an alkyl orthoacetate [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Hexachlorophene has been extensively used as an ingredient of innumerable kinds of consumer goods and medical formulations. Since 1961, when it was reported that daily bathing of newborn infants with a 3% hexachlorophene suspension prevented colonization of the skin by coagulase-positive staphylococci, hexachlorophene has been widely used in hospital nurseries. However, hexachlorophene readily penetrates excoriated or otherwise damaged skin and absorption through intact skin…

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General information Members of the individual plant genera listed in Table 1 , based on the lists given in the Kew Herbarium Catalogue [ ], are covered in separate monographs. Each of the monographs has the following structure: Family: each monograph is organized under a family of plants (for example Asparagaceae). Genera: the various genera that are included under the family name are tabulated (for example…

General information Hepatitis A The successful propagation of hepatitis A virus in cell culture made the development of hepatitis A vaccines a realistic possibility. Various experimental hepatitis A vaccines have been tested in clinical trials. In December 1991, the first hepatitis A vaccine was licensed in Western European countries. Currently, two different hepatitis vaccines (prepared using different inactivation process) as well as vaccines for children (containing…

General information Heparins are mucopolysaccharides whose molecules are of varying lengths. Unfractionated heparin contains molecules of average molecular weight of 12 000–15 000 Da. Low molecular weight heparins contain molecules whose average molecular weight is below 5000 Da. Each formulation of a low molecular weight heparin contains a different range of sizes of molecules, but they have in common more activity against factor Xa than thrombin…

General information A number of compounds that have, or supposedly have, hemostatic activity are reviewed here. Some of them are obsolete and are included largely for historical interest. Others, such as fibrin glue, are still in use. Aminaphtone Experiments in the 1970s with aminaphtone (2-hydroxy-3-methyl-1,4-naphthohydroquinone-2-p-aminobenzoate) suggested that it could significantly shorten the bleeding time in both normal and heparinized rabbits and mice [ ]. Subsequent clinical…

See also Perfluorocarbons General information Oxygen carriers can be divided into two classes: hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers, prepared from hemoglobin of human or bovine origin, and synthetic perfluorocarbons (see separate monograph). Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers are infusible oxygen-carrying fluids prepared from purified human or animal hemoglobin; they do not need to be refrigerated and cross-matching is unnecessary [ , ]. However, small amounts of residual cell membranes are…

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