General information Hydralazine is a direct vasodilator that acts on vascular smooth muscle to produce systemic vasodilatation. As a result there is baroreceptor-mediated activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin–angiotensin system. Vasodilators (as monotherapy) are associated acutely with flushing, headache, dizziness, reflex tachycardia, and palpitation. Chronic treatment can be complicated by fluid retention. Organs and systems Cardiovascular Aggravation of angina, presumably as a result…

General information Hycanthone is a derivative of lucanthone, but has less gastrointestinal and nervous system toxicity. It is effective against both Schistosoma hematobium and Schistosoma mansoni and is given as a single intramuscular injection in doses of 1.0–2.5 mg/kg [ , ]. However, it has largely been superseded in the treatment of schistosomiasis by more recent, less toxic compounds. The most common adverse reactions to hycanthone,…

General information Hyaluronidase is an enzyme that depolymerizes the mucopolysaccharide hyaluronic acid, which is a component of the mucoprotein ground substance or tissue cement and thus increases membrane permeability, reduces viscosity, and makes tissues more readily permeable [ ]. It is found in snake venoms [ , ] and in the venoms of Hymenoptera , such as honey bees and yellow jacket wasps [ ]. It…

General information Hyaluronic acid is a naturally occurring polysaccharide that is widely distributed in body tissues and intracellular fluids, including the aqueous and vitreous humour, synovial fluid, and in the ground substance that surrounds cells [ ]. It is a high-molecular weight substance originally developed for use as a vitreous replacement. Although 98% of the product consists of water, it is very viscoelastic. Uses Hyaluronic acid…

General information Cervical cancer is the second most common cause of cancer deaths in women worldwide and the number one cause in the developing world. It is almost invariably associated with HPV infection. HPV type 16 is found in about 50% of cervical cancers. About 70% of cervical cancers are associated with HPV types 16, 18, and 8 other HPV types. Types 18, 31, and 45…

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General information For a complete account of adverse reactions to estrogens, readers should consult the following monographs as well as this one: Diethylstilbestrol Estrogens Hormonal contraceptives—emergency contraception Hormonal contraceptives—oral Hormone replacement therapy—estrogens Hormone replacement therapy—estrogens + androgens. For a complete account of adverse reactions to progestogens, readers should consult the following monographs as well as this one: Hormonal contraceptives—intracervical and intravaginal Hormonal contraceptives—oral Hormonal contraceptives—progestogen implants…

General information For a complete account of adverse reactions to estrogens, readers should consult the following monographs as well as this one: Diethylstilbestrol Estrogens Hormonal contraceptives—emergency contraception Hormonal contraceptives—oral Hormone replacement therapy—estrogens + androgens Hormone replacement therapy—estrogens + progestogens. Estrogen replacement therapy was until recently widely recommended for the prevention of osteoporosis in middle-aged and older women [ ]. Long-term estrogen therapy also reduces the incidence…

General information For a complete account of adverse reactions to estrogens, readers should consult the following monographs as well as this one: Diethylstilbestrol Estrogens Hormonal contraceptives—emergency contraception Hormonal contraceptives—oral Hormone replacement therapy—estrogens Hormone replacement therapy—estrogens + progestogens. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information For a complete account of adverse reactions to progestogens, readers should consult the following monographs as well as this one: Hormonal contraceptives—intracervical and intravaginal Hormonal contraceptives—oral Hormonal contraceptives—progesterone implants Hormone replacement therapy—estrogens + progestogens Medroxyprogesterone Progestogens. Injectable hormonal contraceptives, which are normally composed of long-acting esters of progestogens, have obvious practical advantages over oral products when user adherence is poor, for example in illiterate…

General information Hormonal formulations for implantation contain progestogens, including the following: levonorgestrel; etonogestrel; desogestrel; megestrol; norethisterone. For a complete account of adverse reactions to progestogens, readers are urged to consult the following monographs as well as this one: Hormonal contraceptives—progestogen injections Hormonal contraceptives—intracervical and intravaginal Hormonal contraceptives—oral Hormone replacement therapy—estrogens + progestogens Medroxyprogesterone Progestogens. Two implants that release levonorgestrel, the six-capsule Norplant and the two-rod Jadelle,…

General information The notion that an oral contraceptive closely similar to that used in women might be developed for men has been discussed for many years, but the concept has not found wide acceptance. Delays in putting the concept into practice have related variously to difficulties in finding an effective combination, complaints of reduced libido or potency, and the long delay between the start of treatment…

General information The intracervical and intravaginal methods of contraception have not come into regular use, and experience with them has therefore been limited. For a complete account of adverse reactions to progestogens, readers should consult the following monographs as well as this one: Hormonal contraceptives—progestogen implants Hormonal contraceptives—progestogen injections Hormonal contraceptives—oral Hormone replacement therapy—estrogens + progestogens Medroxyprogesterone Progestogens. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree…

General information For a complete account of adverse reactions to estrogens, readers should consult the following monographs as well as this one: Diethylstilbestrol Estrogens Hormonal contraceptives—oral Hormone replacement therapy—estrogens Hormone replacement therapy—estrogens + androgens Hormone replacement therapy—estrogens + progestogens In a 2002 review of the English language literature the two most commonly used forms of emergency contraception in the USA, the source of most of the…

General information For a complete account of adverse reactions to estrogens, readers should consult the following monographs as well as this one: Diethylstilbestrol; Estrogens; Hormonal contraceptives—emergency contraception; Hormone replacement therapy—estrogens; Hormone replacement therapy—estrogens + androgens; Hormone replacement therapy—estrogens + progestogens. For a complete account of adverse reactions to progestogens, readers should consult the following monographs as well as this one: Hormonal contraceptives—implants; Hormonal contraceptives—progestogen injections; Hormonal…

See also Antihistamines General information Homochlorcyclizine is a first-generation antihistamine [ ] with high affinity for muscarinic receptors [ ] and an inhibitory effect on the release of arachidonic acid from neutrophil leukocytes [ ]. It may also be an alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a…

General information Statins inhibit HMG-CoA reductase and reduce cellular cholesterol synthesis [ ]. Lower intracellular cholesterol concentrations cause over-expression of the LDL receptor in the plasma membrane of hepatocytes. This overexpression increases the clearance of circulating LDL, reducing plasma concentrations of LDL cholesterol. The statins include atorvastatin, bervastatin, cerivastatin, crilvastatin, dalvastatin, fluvastatin, glenvastatin, lovastatin, mevastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin, and tenivastatin (all rINNs). Atorvastatin, cerivastatin, fluvastatin,…

General information All the HIV protease inhibitors have in common a specific effect against the aspartic HIV protease that cleaves viral proteins to yield structural proteins. Competitive inhibition of this process by the protease inhibitors results in the production of immature, non-infectious virus particles. These drugs are also characterized by their high specificity, being more than a thousand-fold more active against viral than human aspartic proteases.…

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General information The family of Hippocastanaceae contains the single genus Aesculus (buckeye, horse chestnut). Aescin is the major active principle from the horse chestnut tree ( Aesculus hippocastanum ) and is claimed to have clinical activity in venous insufficiency. Investigations in animal models indicate anti-edematous, anti-inflammatory and venotonic properties. Aescin is a complex mixture of triterpene saponins. It consists of a water-soluble fraction (alpha-aescin) and a…