There are many nontraumatic neurosurgical conditions that pose an immediate threat to neurologic function or life. Due to the sensitivity of neurologic structures to insult and the relative lack of regenerative capacity in the central nervous system (CNS), the early…
I Fluids And Nutrition A Maintenance Fluids 1. Neonates—fluid requirement is 65 mL/kg over 24 hours. 2. By the end of the first week of life—fluid requirements increase to 100 mL/kg over 24 hours. 3. To calculate based on weight:…
I History 1. The techniques for heart transplantation were developed by Norm Shumway and Richard Lower at Stanford University in the 1960s. 2. James Hardy performed the first heart transplant into a human with a chimpanzee xenograft in 1964 at…
I Preoperative Evaluation A History 1. History of present illness—detailed account of symptom chronology: acute versus chronic a. Angina—stable or unstable, arrhythmia, congestive heart failure b. Timing of recent intervention c. Dyspnea: New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification for…
I Anatomy and Embryology 1. The thymus gland originates from the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches (along with the lower parathyroid glands) and typically descends into the anterior mediastinum. 2. The Shields three-compartment model is the most anatomic model and…
I Epidemiology A General 1. Incidence of lung cancer in the United States has been declining among men and only recently began decreasing in women. 2. Overall prevalence is approximately 125 per 100,000 people per year. 3. Estimated new cases…
I Overview 1. These tumors account for less than 1% of all resected lung tumors. 2. They may be derived from epithelial, mesodermal, or endodermal cell lines. 3. Hamartomas account for greater than 75% of benign tumors of the lung.…
I Definitions A Diabetes 1. Diagnosis of diabetes is made by a random glucose level ≥200 mg/dL with concurrent symptoms of hyperglycemia (blurry vision, thirst, polyuria, weight loss) or any two of the following tests performed on the same day…
I Introduction 1. In the first quarter of 2014, 671,851 patients were treated for end-stage renal disease (ESRD). 2. In 2013, the number of people on the kidney transplant list was 5 times greater than the number of people who…
Mesenteric ischemia is defined by insufficient perfusion to meet the metabolic needs of the end organs (small intestine and colon) supplied by the mesenteric vasculature. Successful treatment requires a high index of suspicion, early recognition of both acute and chronic…