I Background: Stroke 1. Fourth most common cause of death in the United States 2. One million hospital admissions/year 3. Significant neurologic morbidity 4. Risk factors for stroke a. Nonmodifiable (1) Sex (male) (2) Age (>55 years) (3) Race (African…
I Definitions 1. Peripheral vascular disease refers to multiple disorders that result from stenotic, occlusive, and aneurysmal diseases of the arteries and veins of the extremities. 2. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) refers to atherosclerosis involving the aorta, iliac, and lower…
I Epidemiology A General 1. Aneurysm—permanent focal dilation of an artery to at least 1.5 times the normal diameter a. A normal adult male has an aorta that is approximately 2 cm in size (anything >3 cm is considered abnormal).…
I Introduction A Epidemiology 1. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) are two manifestations of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Despite advances in prevention and treatment of VTE, PE remains the most common preventable cause of hospital death, responsible for…
I Neuroendocrine Tumors A Demographics 1. Incidence is rising, likely because of increased detection; the majority are found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and pancreas. 2. Peak incidence is in sixth to seventh decade of life. B Classification (Multiple Systems…
I Embryology and Anatomy A General 1. Paired, retroperitoneal glands superior and medial to kidney 2. Weight 4–5 g; yellow in color because of high lipid content B Arterial Supply 1. Superior adrenal artery—branch of inferior phrenic artery 2. Middle…
I Parathyroid Embryology and Anatomy A Embryology 1. Superior parathyroid glands—derived from fourth branchial pouch (same as thyroid) a. Most common location: posterior aspect of upper and middle thyroid lobes at level of cricoid cartilage (80%) b. Alternative locations: tracheoesophageal…
I Embryology A Thyroid Development 1. At 3 weeks’ gestation, this is the first endocrine organ to develop. 2. It originates as an outgrowth of the pharyngeal endoderm at the base of the tongue (foramen cecum). 3. Epithelialized endoderm migrates…
I General Considerations A History and Epidemiology 1. First pancreas transplant was performed in 1966 at the University of Minnesota. 2. More than 25,000 US and 10,000 worldwide pancreas transplants have taken place since the original operation. 3. Type 2…
I General Considerations A History 1. 1967—Starzl performed the first successful liver transplant. 2. 1983—Venovenous bypass was introduced for use during anhepatic phase; cyclosporine was approved for transplant immunosuppression. 3. 1984—Broelsch and associates introduced the reduced-size liver transplantation. 4. 1989—first…