Blood flow in human arteries and veins can be described in terms of hemodynamic principles that provide the theoretical foundation for the treatment of vascular disease. The major mechanisms of arterial disease are obstruction of the lumen and disruption of…
General Principles Knowledge of vascular anatomy and surgical exposures are foundational components of vascular surgery. A detailed understanding of the location of blood vessels, surrounding structures, and the methods to obtain a safe and effective working space around a vessel…
Normal Anatomy The primary purpose of the vascular system is to serve as a nonthrombogenic conduit for blood flow, which is necessary for the delivery of oxygen, nutrients, hormonal signals, and cellular components throughout the body. The cellular elements of…
It is quite evident that the vascular apparatus does not independently and by itself “unfold” into the adult pattern. On the contrary, it reacts continuously in a most sensitive way to the factors of its environment, the pattern in the…
History is not a precise record, for it is only that which has been remembered or written down. Inevitably, there is much personal interpretation of that original material. In addition, interpreting events from the past is often difficult, and history…
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I Indications for an Artificial Airway A Absolute 1. Hypoxia—inadequate tissue oxygenation (partial pressure of oxygen [P o 2 ] <55 mm Hg), unresponsive to supplemental O 2 2. Hypoventilation—increasing partial pressure of carbon dioxide (P co 2 ; >50…
Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) describes an approach where major operations are performed through small incisions. MIS encompasses laparoscopy, robotic surgery, and natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES), surgical techniques that promise to impact the way surgery is practiced. The goal…
I Introduction Surgical therapy of breast cancer remains not only an important therapeutic mainstay but has also evolved as common prophylactic intervention. Although the techniques of local excision and mastectomy have changed since Halsted’s time, significant disfigurement may still occur.…
I Assessment of the Orthopedic Patient A Basic Advanced Trauma Life Support Principles 1. Airway/breathing/circulation initial assessment 2. Disability/exposure a. Secondary examination of extremities (1) Appearance of abrasions and deep lacerations (2) Range of motion of all joints (3) Presence…