I General Considerations A History and Epidemiology 1. First kidney transplant performed between identical twins by Joseph Murray in 1954 2. Early transplantation halted by lack of adequate immunosuppression a. Initially attempted total body irradiation and mercaptopurine (6-MP), which had…
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Cirrhosis is the end-stage of chronic liver disease characterized by degeneration of the normal hepatic architecture and replacement with fibrosis. Clinically these patients present with loss of hepatocellular function, including coagulopathy, encephalopathy, and jaundice. The hepatocellular fibrosis causes increased resistance…
I Gallbladder Cancer A General Considerations 1. In the United States, 1.2 cases per 100,000 people annually; worldwide, sixth most common gastrointestinal tumor and represents more than 80% of biliary tumors 2. Found in 0.1%–0.5% of all cholecystectomy specimens 3.…
I Anatomy A Gallbladder 1. Pear-shaped sac lying in gallbladder fossa on inferior surface of liver with 30–50-mL capacity, greater than 300-mL capacity when obstructed 2. Divided into four anatomic portions: fundus, corpus, infundibulum, and neck 3. Demarcates anatomic division…
I Basal Cell Carcinoma A General 1. Most common skin malignancy 2. Originates from epidermis: basal epithelial cells and hair follicles 3. Clinical presentation a. Waxy or cream-colored b. Classically described with pearly, rolled borders c. Central ulceration common; slow,…
I Anatomy And Physiology A Anatomy Basics 1. Modified sweat glands of ectodermal origin. Develop along the bilateral mammary ridges, where accessory breasts (polymastia) or nipples (polythelia) may be found, if intrauterine reabsorption is incomplete 2. Enveloped by superficial and…
I Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma A Epidemiology 1. Fourth most common cause of adult cancer mortality in the United States (8th leading cause worldwide) 2. Approximately 50,000 new cases/year nationally with high expected mortality 3. Slight male sex predominance; 1.3:1 male/female ratio…
I Colorectal Cancer: Epidemiology A Each Year in the United States, 135,000 Cases of Colorectal Cancer will be Diagnosed 1. Colon cancer: 95,000 2. Rectal cancer: 40,000 B Almost 50,000 People Die of Colorectal Cancer Annually in the United States…
I Epidemiology A Incidence 1. Although the small intestine comprises 90% of the surface area of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, less than 3% of primary GI neoplasms occur in this region. Theories for this discrepancy include: a. The dilute and…