This category includes a diverse group of neoplasms believed to derive from the hormone-producing ovarian cortical stroma. Based on their predominant cell population and appearance, the World Health Organization (WHO) classification divides them into two main categories: (1) pure lesions,…
Epithelial tumors, the most common neoplasms of the ovary, encompass five distinct subtypes. Differentiation into these epithelial cell types is under the control of the same genes that determine different epithelial lineages in the female reproductive tract during embryonic development…
The ovary is a solid organ composed of (1) surface epithelium , an extension of the pelvic peritoneum; (2) the cortex , composed of cellular stroma, follicular units (comprised of a central oocyte surrounded by granulosa and theca cells), corpora…
Nonneoplastic Lesions of the Fallopian Tube The fallopian tubes comprise the most upper portion of the Müllerian tract bilaterally. They are attached proximally to the uterus (intramural portion), whereas the isthmus and the ampulla extend outside of the uterus and…
The spectrum of uterine lesions of mesenchymal and mixed mesenchymal-epithelial type has expanded in recent years, largely due to the cumulative experience reported in larger case series, as well as the identification of recurrent gene fusions and other molecular alterations.…
The spectrum of Endometrial Glandular Neoplasia is wide and includes different types of etiologically, morphologically, and/or molecularly distinct entities. In this chapter, the rationale for the new classification of precursors of endometrial carcinoma and the main types of endometrial carcinoma…
Introduction The conditions presented in this chapter represent a wide spectrum of physiologic and pathologic endometrial changes. Their proper identification is important to exclude malignancy and provide correlation with the clinical context. A list of simplified evidence and consensus-based terminology…
Squamous Columnar Junction and the Transformation Zone The squamous columnar junction (SCJ) is defined as the border between stratified squamous epithelium of the exocervix and glandular epithelium of the endocervix. The SCJ is constantly subjected to hormonal influences, and as…
The uterine cervix is divided into ectocervix, endocervix, and transformation zone. The ectocervix is lined by mature glycogenated squamous epithelium comprised of basal and parabasal cells, which progressively mature as they move towards the mid and superficial layers. Maturation is…
Primary neoplasms of the vagina, whether benign or malignant, are rare. Primary carcinomas are the most common malignant tumors and account for approximately 2% of all gynecologic malignancies. Among vaginal carcinomas, in situ and invasive squamous carcinomas are most frequent.…