Congenital Anomalies Anatomic anomalies of the female reproductive tract occur in 7% of females. They can be secondary to defects in fusion of the Müllerian ducts or abnormal development of the urogenital sinus or cloaca in which the vagina is…
Introduction Mesenchymal lesions that occur in the vulva and vagina can be separated into two general categories: (1) those that are relatively site-specific, i.e., they may occasionally occur at extragenital sites; and (2) those that occur more commonly at other…
Extramammary Paget Disease Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) is defined as an intraepithelial adenocarcinoma that primarily involves the epidermis outside the breast. Clinical Features This lesion accounts for only 1% of vulvar cancers. EMPD typically occurs in postmenopausal white women and…
Preinvasive Vulvar Squamous Neoplasia In 1986 the International Society for the Study of Vulvar Disease (ISSVD) endorsed the term “vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia” (VIN) to describe in situ dysplastic conditions of the vulvar epithelium, to replace the myriad of other diagnostic…
Introduction Almost any inflammatory dermatological condition occurring on nongenital skin can afflict the vulva. Histopathologic diagnosis in the vulva, however, is often complicated by its unique anatomy (where there is increased occlusion, friction, and moisture, causing a variety of secondary…
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D efinition — Bleeding under low pressure into the placental parenchyma of fetal origin. Clinical Features Epidemiology Cause is unknown. Rarely severe, with massive fetal to maternal hemorrhage. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access…
D efinition — Abnormalities in distal villous maturation that occur late in pregnancy and are emblematic of underperfusion, including increased syncytial knots, distal villous hypoplasia (DVH), aggregated terminal villi, and chorangiosis. Clinical Features Epidemiology Seen as abnormal development of the…
D efinition — Discoloration of the placenta and membranes due to staining with meconium. Clinical Features Epidemiology Meconium release is a relatively common event in term deliveries. Much debate exists about the pathologic nature of meconium and whether it represents…
D efinition — Infarction of the fetal villi due to lack of intervillous perfusion. Clinical Features Epidemiology Localized infarction within term placentas is very common. Abnormal infarction occurs in the setting of the intervillous hemorrhage of abruption, thrombosis, or vasoconstriction…