1 Introduction In 2007, the U.S. National Research Council (NRC) formally introduced a new paradigm in safety assessment and toxicity testing on behalf of a joint consortium of U.S. federal government agencies ( ; ). This “Tox 21” initiative highlighted…
Acknowledgments Some passages in this chapter were taken directly or slightly modified from the predecessor chapter entitled “Genetically Engineered Animals in Product Discovery and Development” as printed in Haschek and Rousseaux's Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology , 3rd edition, by permission…
Acknowledgments The authors would like to sincerely thank the following for their assistance in obtaining and preparing materials presented in this chapter: John Friel, Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates, Ithaca, New York, USA; Christiana Grim, OSCP/EPA, USA; Shelley Gruntz, EPL,…
1 Introduction At the time of writing this chapter, the Coronavirus (COVID-19/SARS CoV-2) pandemic of 2020 was in full progress without vaccines or viable treatments available to the public. Meanwhile, multiple research and toxicology studies involving nonhuman primates (NHPs) were…
1 Introduction The choice of animal species in nonclinical research should always be carefully considered and justified. Pigs and minipigs are considered good models for humans because they share many important characteristics. Swine exhibit particularly close resemblance to humans with respect…
1 Introduction In order to develop new agrochemicals, industrial chemicals, and pharmaceutical products, regulatory agencies worldwide require preclinical safety evaluation trials in order to determine toxicity and pharmacokinetics. International guidelines typically recommend studies in at least two species, one rodent…
1 Introduction Throughout modern biomedical research, the rabbit has remained a core laboratory animal species. Studies using rabbits have provided important insights into toxicology, immunology, reproduction, and other fields. Interestingly, despite their common use, many key factors about rabbit biology,…
Acknowledgments Noah's Arkive images are provided by courtesy of the Charles Louis Davis and Samuel Wesley Thompson DVM Foundation for the Advancement of Veterinary and Comparative Pathology (hosted at ) and are reproduced under a Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license.…
1 Introduction General texts concerning statistics ( ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ) are available; however, this chapter has been written as a practical guide to common statistical problems encountered when using differing research strategies in toxicologic…
Acknowledgments We would like to acknowledge the work of the authors in the previous edition of this chapter “The Application of Toxicogenomics to the interpretation of Toxicologic Pathology” by William R. Foster, Donald G. Robertson, and Bruce D. Car in…