See also Neuroleptic drugs General information Chlorprothixene is a thioxanthene neuroleptic drug. Organs and systems Respiratory Pulmonary edema has been attributed to chlorprothixene [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Neuroleptic drugs General information Chlorpromazine is a phenothiazine with a large range of pharmacological actions; it is a dopamine receptor antagonist, an alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist, a muscarinic antagonist, and an antihistamine. Organs and systems Cardiovascular The possibility that some of the cardiac effects of chlorpromazine may be related to metabolites as well as the parent compound has been explored [ , ]. Some cases of…

See also Anorectic drugs General information Chlorphentermine is an anorectic sympathomimetic amine, with actions and adverse effects similar to those of amfepramone (diethylpropion). You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

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General information Chlorphenesin (3-(4-chlorphenoxy)-1,2-propane-diol) is an antimicrobial agent with antifungal, antibacterial, and anticandidal activity. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Antihistamines General information Chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine) is a first-generation antihistamine, an alkylamine derivative, with sedative and antimuscarinic activity. Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Since the withdrawal of hexachlorophene from the non-prescription drug market in the USA, the antiseptic chloroxylenol, which is less antigenic, has been a substitute in a large number of products. Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Chlorotrianisene is a non-steroidal triphenylethylene with estrogen and antiestrogen activity. Diethylstilbestrol and other non-steroidal estrogens came into vogue at a time when the cost of producing steroidal estrogens, whether synthetic or of natural origin, was still prohibitive. They have fallen out of favor, in view of the association between diethylstilbestrol in pregnancy and second-generation injury. There is no reason for believing that the short-term…

General information Chloroquine is rapidly and almost completely absorbed from the intestinal tract, peak serum concentrations being reached in 1–6 hours (average 3 hours). It is extensively distributed and redistribution follows. It is slowly metabolized by side-chain de-ethylation. The half-life is 30–60 days. Elimination is mainly via the kidney. Malnutrition can slow down the rate of metabolism. The use of chloroquine has diminished in recent years…

See also Anesthetics, local General information Chloroprocaine is a local anesthetic, an aminoester of para-aminobenzoic acid. Its systemic toxicity is low, owing to rapid hydrolysis by plasma pseudocholinesterases [ ]. Drug studies Comparative studies Chloroprocaine was compared with lidocaine in a double-blind, randomized, crossover study [ ]. Eight healthy volunteers each received two spinal anesthetics, one with 2% lidocaine (40 mg) and the other with 2%…

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General information Chlormezanone is a tranquillizer with central muscle relaxant effects. In reaction to some case reports of serious, sometimes fatal, cutaneous toxicity and after intervention by drug regulatory authorities in some European countries, all major manufacturers have stopped production of chlormezanone. It may still be available in combination products in some Asian countries. For the most part chlormezanone causes only minor adverse effects, such as…

General information Chlorhexidine (1,1′-hexamethylene- bis [5-( p -chlorophenyl)biguanide]) is a widely used antibacterial agent with activity against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria (less against Pseudomonas species), and yeasts. It was introduced as an antiseptic in the early 1950s. It has been primarily used for topical antisepsis, for example in preoperative skin disinfection, and for disinfection of materials, mainly in combination with cetrimide. Long-term experience has shown a…

See also Benzodiazepines General information Chlordiazepoxide, which has a long duration of action (half-life = 10–25 hours), is useful for the management of alcohol withdrawal and is arguably better tolerated than other benzodiazepines when used for this indication. As with diazepam, loading doses are possible and simplify clinical management. Organs and systems Metabolism A San Francisco woman with a history of diabetes and high blood pressure…

See also Thiamphenicol General information Chloramphenicol is one of the older broad-spectrum antibiotics. It was introduced in 1948 and grew in popularity because of its high antimicrobial activity against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, Rickettsiae , Chlamydia , and Mycoplasma species. It is particularly useful in infections caused by Salmonella typhi and Haemophilus influenzae . It is mainly bacteriostatic. It readily crosses tissue…

See also Dichloralphenazone General information Chloral hydrate, which was synthesized by Justus Liebig in 1832, continues to be used for sleep disorders and for sedation before surgery or radiology, especially in children [ ]. As an alternative to the benzodiazepines, it has essentially similar properties and problems, but is associated with perhaps rather more frequent gastrointestinal disturbances, up to 7% in one large sample of children.…

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General information Cetrimonium bromide and cetrimide are quaternary ammonium antiseptics, trimethylammonium derivatives, with similar structures. Cetrimonium bromide is hexadecyltrimethylammonium. Cetrimide is a mixture of tetradecyltrimethylammonium (mostly), dodecyltrimethylammonium, and hexadecyltrimethylammonium. They dissociate in aqueous solution, forming a relatively large and complex cation, which is responsible for their surface activity, and a smaller inactive anion. They are emulsifiers and detergents and have bactericidal activity against Gram-positive and, at…

See also Antihistamines General information Cetirizine is a non-sedating metabolite of hydroxyzine [ ]. There is only minor hepatic metabolism of cetirizine [ ], which is excreted unchanged in the urine. It has not been associated with dysrhythmias. Skin reactions have been reported, and the anticoagulant activity of acenocoumarol may be potentiated [ ]. Seasonal allergic rhinitis affects about 10% of school-age children, and there is…

General information Cesium is a silver-white soft alkaline metallic element (symbol Cs, atomic number 55). It is used industrially in photoelectric cells and as a catalyst for the hydrogenation of some organic compounds. The natural resonance frequency of excited caesium atoms forms the basis of the measurement of time in atomic clocks, and the international definition of a second is the interval occupied by a specific…