General information Cholera vaccines consist of live attenuated or heat-killed Vibrio cholerae organisms. They can be given orally or parenterally. Severe complications connected with cholera (or combined) immunization are extremely rare and the causal relation is always doubtful. However, when they do occur they constitute a contraindication to further administration. There are occasional reports of neurological and psychiatric reactions [ , ], Guillain–Barré syndrome [ ],…

General information Chlorzoxazone is a centrally acting benzoxazole derivative with a weak muscle relaxing effect [ ]. It is usually used in combination with paracetamol for the treatment of painful muscle spasms. The usual dose is 500 mg tds. Drowsiness, weakness, dizziness, and gastrointestinal complaints are the most frequent unwanted effects. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited…

General information Chlortalidone (chlorthalidone) is chemically unrelated to the thiazide diuretics but shares many of their actions and adverse effects. It is so closely similar to the thiazide diuretics in most respects that data have generally been regarded as interchangeable. Drug studies Comparative studies In the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT), over 40 000 participants aged 55 years or older with…

See also Neuroleptic drugs General information Chlorprothixene is a thioxanthene neuroleptic drug. Organs and systems Respiratory Pulmonary edema has been attributed to chlorprothixene [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Neuroleptic drugs General information Chlorpromazine is a phenothiazine with a large range of pharmacological actions; it is a dopamine receptor antagonist, an alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist, a muscarinic antagonist, and an antihistamine. Organs and systems Cardiovascular The possibility that some of the cardiac effects of chlorpromazine may be related to metabolites as well as the parent compound has been explored [ , ]. Some cases of…

See also Anorectic drugs General information Chlorphentermine is an anorectic sympathomimetic amine, with actions and adverse effects similar to those of amfepramone (diethylpropion). You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

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General information Chlorphenesin (3-(4-chlorphenoxy)-1,2-propane-diol) is an antimicrobial agent with antifungal, antibacterial, and anticandidal activity. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Antihistamines General information Chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine) is a first-generation antihistamine, an alkylamine derivative, with sedative and antimuscarinic activity. Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Since the withdrawal of hexachlorophene from the non-prescription drug market in the USA, the antiseptic chloroxylenol, which is less antigenic, has been a substitute in a large number of products. Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Chlorotrianisene is a non-steroidal triphenylethylene with estrogen and antiestrogen activity. Diethylstilbestrol and other non-steroidal estrogens came into vogue at a time when the cost of producing steroidal estrogens, whether synthetic or of natural origin, was still prohibitive. They have fallen out of favor, in view of the association between diethylstilbestrol in pregnancy and second-generation injury. There is no reason for believing that the short-term…

General information Chloroquine is rapidly and almost completely absorbed from the intestinal tract, peak serum concentrations being reached in 1–6 hours (average 3 hours). It is extensively distributed and redistribution follows. It is slowly metabolized by side-chain de-ethylation. The half-life is 30–60 days. Elimination is mainly via the kidney. Malnutrition can slow down the rate of metabolism. The use of chloroquine has diminished in recent years…

See also Anesthetics, local General information Chloroprocaine is a local anesthetic, an aminoester of para-aminobenzoic acid. Its systemic toxicity is low, owing to rapid hydrolysis by plasma pseudocholinesterases [ ]. Drug studies Comparative studies Chloroprocaine was compared with lidocaine in a double-blind, randomized, crossover study [ ]. Eight healthy volunteers each received two spinal anesthetics, one with 2% lidocaine (40 mg) and the other with 2%…

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General information Chlormezanone is a tranquillizer with central muscle relaxant effects. In reaction to some case reports of serious, sometimes fatal, cutaneous toxicity and after intervention by drug regulatory authorities in some European countries, all major manufacturers have stopped production of chlormezanone. It may still be available in combination products in some Asian countries. For the most part chlormezanone causes only minor adverse effects, such as…

General information Chlorhexidine (1,1′-hexamethylene- bis [5-( p -chlorophenyl)biguanide]) is a widely used antibacterial agent with activity against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria (less against Pseudomonas species), and yeasts. It was introduced as an antiseptic in the early 1950s. It has been primarily used for topical antisepsis, for example in preoperative skin disinfection, and for disinfection of materials, mainly in combination with cetrimide. Long-term experience has shown a…

See also Benzodiazepines General information Chlordiazepoxide, which has a long duration of action (half-life = 10–25 hours), is useful for the management of alcohol withdrawal and is arguably better tolerated than other benzodiazepines when used for this indication. As with diazepam, loading doses are possible and simplify clinical management. Organs and systems Metabolism A San Francisco woman with a history of diabetes and high blood pressure…

See also Thiamphenicol General information Chloramphenicol is one of the older broad-spectrum antibiotics. It was introduced in 1948 and grew in popularity because of its high antimicrobial activity against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, Rickettsiae , Chlamydia , and Mycoplasma species. It is particularly useful in infections caused by Salmonella typhi and Haemophilus influenzae . It is mainly bacteriostatic. It readily crosses tissue…

See also Dichloralphenazone General information Chloral hydrate, which was synthesized by Justus Liebig in 1832, continues to be used for sleep disorders and for sedation before surgery or radiology, especially in children [ ]. As an alternative to the benzodiazepines, it has essentially similar properties and problems, but is associated with perhaps rather more frequent gastrointestinal disturbances, up to 7% in one large sample of children.…

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