General information Cidofovir ( S -1-3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropylcytosine), also known as HPMPC, is a nucleotide analogue with potent activity against cytomegalovirus (CMV) in vitro and in vivo. Drug studies Observational studies Cidofovir has been used to treat 14 patients with cytomegalovirus infection after stem-cell transplantation; no adverse effects were reported in this small study [ ]. In an open study of the use of intralesional cidofovir in treating…

General information Ciclosporin is an immunosuppressant drug that primarily inhibits T cell activation, therefore down-regulating the T cell responses that mediate graft rejection. Myelotoxic effects are therefore not expected. Ciclosporin has also been used in a wide range of chronic inflammatory or autoimmune diseases. Considerable efforts have been devoted to defining the optimal dose to ensure minimal toxicity while retaining efficacy. In transplant patients, the daily…

General information Ciclesonide, a non-halogenated glucocorticoid, is converted locally in the airways to an active metabolite, desisobutyrylciclesonide, which has a 100-fold greater relative glucocorticoid receptor binding affinity than ciclesonide itself [ ]. The pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic profile of inhaled ciclesonide suggests a reduced potential for adverse systemic effects. Ciclesonide is formulated in a hydrofluoroalkane-propelled metered-dose inhaler (MDI), and a daily dosing schedule of 160 micrograms was as active…

See also Antidysrhythmic drugs General information Cibenzoline is an antidysrhythmic drug of Class Ia, with some additional properties of drugs of Class III and Class IV. Its pharmacology, electrophysiological effects, therapeutic effects and indications, pharmacokinetics, and adverse effects have been reviewed [ , ]. Prolongation of the QT interval, leading to cardiac dysrhythmias, is the major adverse effect. Other effects include gastrointestinal disturbances, effects on the…

General information Cianidanol is an antioxidant flavonoid that occurs especially in woody plants. It is one constituent of green tea. It has immunomodulatory properties, including effects on T lymphocytes and killer cells [ ]. Of 40 patients with chronic active hepatitis, 22 took cianidanol 3 g/day and 18 took placebo [ ]. Adverse reactions to cianidanol were fever (n = 4), hemolysis (n = 1), and…

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General information Chromium is a metallic element (symbol Cr; atomic no. 24) that occurs naturally in minerals such as fuchsite and picotite. Certain salts of radioactive chromium [ ] are used as radiopharmaceutical tracers in various hematological procedures. Chromium compounds are also used in oral and parenteral nutrition and in artificial hip and knee joints. Chromium picolinate has been promoted as a nutritional supplement and has…

General information Choline has been given in the past as an acetylcholine precursor to raise acetylcholine concentrations in the brain and thus enhance cholinergic neurotransmission. Choline alfoscerate increases cerebral acetylcholine synthesis and release [ ]. In the light of animal studies it has been investigated as a possible treatment for vascular dementia [ ]. There is evidence that the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia can be reduced…

General information Cholera vaccines consist of live attenuated or heat-killed Vibrio cholerae organisms. They can be given orally or parenterally. Severe complications connected with cholera (or combined) immunization are extremely rare and the causal relation is always doubtful. However, when they do occur they constitute a contraindication to further administration. There are occasional reports of neurological and psychiatric reactions [ , ], Guillain–Barré syndrome [ ],…

General information Chlorzoxazone is a centrally acting benzoxazole derivative with a weak muscle relaxing effect [ ]. It is usually used in combination with paracetamol for the treatment of painful muscle spasms. The usual dose is 500 mg tds. Drowsiness, weakness, dizziness, and gastrointestinal complaints are the most frequent unwanted effects. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited…

General information Chlortalidone (chlorthalidone) is chemically unrelated to the thiazide diuretics but shares many of their actions and adverse effects. It is so closely similar to the thiazide diuretics in most respects that data have generally been regarded as interchangeable. Drug studies Comparative studies In the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT), over 40 000 participants aged 55 years or older with…

See also Neuroleptic drugs General information Chlorprothixene is a thioxanthene neuroleptic drug. Organs and systems Respiratory Pulmonary edema has been attributed to chlorprothixene [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Neuroleptic drugs General information Chlorpromazine is a phenothiazine with a large range of pharmacological actions; it is a dopamine receptor antagonist, an alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist, a muscarinic antagonist, and an antihistamine. Organs and systems Cardiovascular The possibility that some of the cardiac effects of chlorpromazine may be related to metabolites as well as the parent compound has been explored [ , ]. Some cases of…

See also Anorectic drugs General information Chlorphentermine is an anorectic sympathomimetic amine, with actions and adverse effects similar to those of amfepramone (diethylpropion). You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

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General information Chlorphenesin (3-(4-chlorphenoxy)-1,2-propane-diol) is an antimicrobial agent with antifungal, antibacterial, and anticandidal activity. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Antihistamines General information Chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine) is a first-generation antihistamine, an alkylamine derivative, with sedative and antimuscarinic activity. Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Since the withdrawal of hexachlorophene from the non-prescription drug market in the USA, the antiseptic chloroxylenol, which is less antigenic, has been a substitute in a large number of products. Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Chlorotrianisene is a non-steroidal triphenylethylene with estrogen and antiestrogen activity. Diethylstilbestrol and other non-steroidal estrogens came into vogue at a time when the cost of producing steroidal estrogens, whether synthetic or of natural origin, was still prohibitive. They have fallen out of favor, in view of the association between diethylstilbestrol in pregnancy and second-generation injury. There is no reason for believing that the short-term…

General information Chloroquine is rapidly and almost completely absorbed from the intestinal tract, peak serum concentrations being reached in 1–6 hours (average 3 hours). It is extensively distributed and redistribution follows. It is slowly metabolized by side-chain de-ethylation. The half-life is 30–60 days. Elimination is mainly via the kidney. Malnutrition can slow down the rate of metabolism. The use of chloroquine has diminished in recent years…