General information Clomethiazole is a sedative-hypnotic that has been used extensively in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal, as well as for inducing sedation and sleep in the elderly. In addition to GABA enhancement, which it shares with the benzodiazepines, clomethiazole also enhances the activity of another inhibitory amino acid, glycine. Whether this property is clinically important is uncertain. As well as the expected effects of sedation…

See also Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) General information The NSAID clometacin is an indometacin derivative. Because of the risk of long-term or repeated use of clometacin, the French authorities restricted its use to prescriptions for no more than 8 days. It should no longer be used. Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become…

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See also Antituberculosis drugs General information Clofazimine is weakly bactericidal against Mycobacterium leprae . It is active in chronic skin ulcers (Buruli ulcer) and partly against Mycobacterium avium intracellulare. The usual adult dosage is 50–100 mg At higher doses, its anti-inflammatory effect seems to prevent the development of acute reactions, such as erythema nodosum leprosum. Clofazimine is a strongly lipophilic dye and accumulates in tissues, especially…

General information Clofarabine (Clolar®) is a purine nucleoside analogue, which has been approved for the treatment of relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children after at least two prior regimens. The active 5′-triphosphate metabolite inhibits DNA synthesis by reducing cellular pools of deoxynucleotide triphosphate. In addition, drug-related inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase and termination of DNA chain elongation contribute to clofarabine’s antineoplastic activity. After intravenous administration…

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See also Benzodiazepines General information Clobazam, a 1,5-benzodiazepine, differs in its chemical structure from most other benzodiazepines. It has been claimed to have less sedative effects for its effective anticonvulsant and anti-anxiety effects [ ]. Whether because of tolerance or not, clobazam tends to be less sedative than clonazepam. Both the therapeutic and adverse effects of clobazam have been related to its major metabolite N-desmethylclobazam, the…

See also Anticholinergic drugs General information The anticholinergic drug clidinium is a component of Librax (chlordiazepoxide 5 mg plus clidinium bromide 2.5 mg); the dose used is sufficient to produce typical anticholinergic adverse effects. Since it is combined with a benzodiazepine, it is most unwise to allow patients taking Librax to drive motor vehicles or to ingest alcohol. Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become…

See also Beta 2 -adrenoceptor agonists General information Apart from being a beta 2 -adrenoceptor agonist, clenbuterol is also used by bodybuilders for its anabolic effects. It may cause somewhat more adverse reactions than some other beta 2 -adrenoceptor agonists, and its long half-life may explain this. Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles…

See also Antihistamines General information Clemastine [ , ] belongs to the benzhydryl ether group and was developed in the hope of lessening sedative effects. There was no significant difference compared with other first-generation antihistamines. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Like alizapride, clebopride is a prokinetic dopamine receptor antagonist that has extrapyramidal effects. These effects were initially overlooked, but a warning was eventually issued in 1988 [ ]. The problem has continued to be reported, the incidence at effective doses probably being as high as 25%. In a 1991 report on a crossover trial, a third of the participants had to withdraw because of…

General information Clarithromycin is a commonly used macrolide antibiotic and is a regular part of regimens for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori , often in combination with a nitroimidazole antibiotic as well, in addition to a proton pump inhibitor. Variable rates of adverse events (4–30%) have been reported with clarithromycin. The most common adverse reactions to clarithromycin in clinical trials were diarrhea and abnormal taste, both…

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General information Citric acid is used in effervescing mixtures and granules. Formulations that contain citric acid are used in the management of dry mouth and to dissolve renal calculi, alkalinize the urine, and prevent encrustation of urinary catheters. Citric acid is also an ingredient of citrated anticoagulant solutions. Uses You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become…

See also Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) General information Citalopram Citalopram is a racemic bicyclic phthalane derivative and is a highly selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor with minimal effects on noradrenaline and dopamine neuronal reuptake. Inhibition of 5-HT re-uptake by citalopram is primarily due to escitalopram, the active S-enantiomer of citalopram [ ]. One would expect escitalopram to be twice as potent as citalopram but otherwise not…

General information Cisatracurium is one of the ten isomers of atracurium. With an ED 95 of 0.05 mg/kg it is about three times more potent than atracurium [ ]. The duration of action of cisatracurium tends to be slightly longer than that of atracurium. Less cisatracurium is required to achieve a given degree of neuromuscular blockade and so less laudanosine is produced. Cisatracurium and atracurium share…

General information Cisapride is structurally similar to metoclopramide, but has no dopamine receptor antagonist activity and hence no central antiemetic effect. However, because it stimulates the release of acetylcholine in the gastrointestinal tract it is effective in conditions such as reflux esophagitis and gastroparesis. During clinical trials, the most frequent unwanted effects were diarrhea (5–11%) and abdominal pain (16% with 20 mg bd). General adverse effects…

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See also Fluoroquinolones General information Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibacterial drug with a wider spectrum of activity than nalidixic acid. Drug studies Observational studies Antimicrobial prophylaxis to prevent inhalational anthrax has been recommended for people potentially exposed to Bacillus anthracis as a result of recent bioterrorist attacks. Of 3428 people taking ciprofloxacin, 666 (19%) reported severe nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or abdominal pain; 484 (14%) reported fainting,…