See also Beta 2 -adrenoceptor agonists General information Apart from being a beta 2 -adrenoceptor agonist, clenbuterol is also used by bodybuilders for its anabolic effects. It may cause somewhat more adverse reactions than some other beta 2 -adrenoceptor agonists, and its long half-life may explain this. Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles…

See also Antihistamines General information Clemastine [ , ] belongs to the benzhydryl ether group and was developed in the hope of lessening sedative effects. There was no significant difference compared with other first-generation antihistamines. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Like alizapride, clebopride is a prokinetic dopamine receptor antagonist that has extrapyramidal effects. These effects were initially overlooked, but a warning was eventually issued in 1988 [ ]. The problem has continued to be reported, the incidence at effective doses probably being as high as 25%. In a 1991 report on a crossover trial, a third of the participants had to withdraw because of…

General information Clarithromycin is a commonly used macrolide antibiotic and is a regular part of regimens for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori , often in combination with a nitroimidazole antibiotic as well, in addition to a proton pump inhibitor. Variable rates of adverse events (4–30%) have been reported with clarithromycin. The most common adverse reactions to clarithromycin in clinical trials were diarrhea and abnormal taste, both…

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General information Citric acid is used in effervescing mixtures and granules. Formulations that contain citric acid are used in the management of dry mouth and to dissolve renal calculi, alkalinize the urine, and prevent encrustation of urinary catheters. Citric acid is also an ingredient of citrated anticoagulant solutions. Uses You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become…

See also Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) General information Citalopram Citalopram is a racemic bicyclic phthalane derivative and is a highly selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor with minimal effects on noradrenaline and dopamine neuronal reuptake. Inhibition of 5-HT re-uptake by citalopram is primarily due to escitalopram, the active S-enantiomer of citalopram [ ]. One would expect escitalopram to be twice as potent as citalopram but otherwise not…

General information Cisatracurium is one of the ten isomers of atracurium. With an ED 95 of 0.05 mg/kg it is about three times more potent than atracurium [ ]. The duration of action of cisatracurium tends to be slightly longer than that of atracurium. Less cisatracurium is required to achieve a given degree of neuromuscular blockade and so less laudanosine is produced. Cisatracurium and atracurium share…

General information Cisapride is structurally similar to metoclopramide, but has no dopamine receptor antagonist activity and hence no central antiemetic effect. However, because it stimulates the release of acetylcholine in the gastrointestinal tract it is effective in conditions such as reflux esophagitis and gastroparesis. During clinical trials, the most frequent unwanted effects were diarrhea (5–11%) and abdominal pain (16% with 20 mg bd). General adverse effects…

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See also Fluoroquinolones General information Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibacterial drug with a wider spectrum of activity than nalidixic acid. Drug studies Observational studies Antimicrobial prophylaxis to prevent inhalational anthrax has been recommended for people potentially exposed to Bacillus anthracis as a result of recent bioterrorist attacks. Of 3428 people taking ciprofloxacin, 666 (19%) reported severe nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or abdominal pain; 484 (14%) reported fainting,…

See also Antihistamines . General information Cinnarizine and flunarizine are piperazine derivatives with antihistaminic properties and calcium channel blocking activity [ ]. Flunarizine is the difluoro derivative of cinnarizine. Cinnarizine is used to treat motion sickness. A few controlled clinical trials of flunarizine in patients with intermittent claudication have suggested significant improvements in subjective signs and some objective measurements. Its effectiveness in patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency…

See also Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) . General information The NSAID cinmetacin is an indometacin derivative [ , ], of which there is little experience. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

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General information Cinchocaine (dibucaine) is an aminoamide local anesthetic. It is ten times more potent than lidocaine and potentially very toxic. It is available in a number of over-the-counter topical formulations, such as antihemorrhoidal drugs. Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Anticholinergic drugs General information Cimetropium bromide is an anticholinergic drug that belongs to a series of scopolamine quaternary salts with antimuscarinic effects [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Histamine H 2 receptor antagonists General information Cimetidine is a histamine H 2 receptor antagonist. General adverse effects and adverse reactions The main varieties of adverse effects attributed to cimetidine relate to its antiandrogenic properties and its actions in sufficient concentrations on the central nervous system. There is also a spectrum of drug interactions, mainly attributable to inhibition of hepatic CYP isoforms, but they…

General information Cilostazol is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that suppresses platelet aggregation and also acts as a direct arterial vasodilator. Small studies in Japan suggested that it might be useful for treating chronic arterial disease and symptoms of intermittent claudication. A trial in 81 patients with claudication substantiated this claim: claudication distance was improved by 35% for initial and 41% for absolute claudication distance. Drug studies Placebo-controlled…

See also Phosphodiesterase type IV inhibitors General information Cilomilast is an orally active, potent, selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type IV, which was developed for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, a review of its efficacy and safety in five phase III double-blind, parallel-group, randomized, placebo-controlled pivotal studies in over 6000 patients with COPD did not show consistent beneficial effects in a range of…

See also Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors General information Cilazapril is a non-sulfhydryl ACE inhibitor [ ]. Like enalapril and ramipril it is a prodrug and is hydrolysed after absorption to cilazaprilat, which has a long half-life allowing once-daily administration [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here