General information Cannabis is the abbreviated name for the hemp plant Cannabis sativa . The common names for cannabis include marijuana, grass, and weed. Other names for cannabis refer to particular strains; they include bhang and ganja. The most potent forms of cannabis come from the flowering tops of the plants or from the dried resinous exudate of the leaves, and are referred to as hashish…

See also Herbal medicines General information The family of Cannabaceae contains two genera, Cannabis (hemp) and Humulus (hop). The cannabinoids are covered in a separate monograph. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Angiotensin receptor antagonists General information Candesartan cilexetil is the prodrug of candesartan, an angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist. Absorbed candesartan cilexetil is completely metabolized to candesartan. Candesartan has a half-life of about 9 hours (slightly longer in elderly people). In an open study of 4531 hypertensive patients, the total incidence of adverse effects of candesartan was 6.1% [ ]. Individual adverse effects…

General information The symptoms of systemic camphor poisoning have been reviewed [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Herbal medicines General information The genera in the family of Campanulaceae ( Table 1 ) include lobelia and Venus’ looking glass. Table 1 The genera of Campanulaceae Asyneuma (harebell) Brighamia (brighamia) Campanula (bell flower) Campanulastrum (bell flower) Canarina (canarina) Clermontia (clermontia) Codonopsis (poor man’s ginseng) Cyanea (cyanea) Delissea (delissea) Downingia (calico flower) Gadellia (gadellia) Githopsis (bluecup) Heterocodon (heterocodon) Hippobroma (hippobroma) Howellia (howellia) Jasione (jasione)…

General information Calcium is a soft grayish-white metallic element, one of the alkaline earth metals (symbol Ca; atomic no. 20). It is found in sources such as lewisite (calcium antimonate), colemanite and pandermite (calcium borates); ankerite, aragonite, calcite, chalk, dolomite, and stromatolite (calcium carbonates); hydrophilite (calcium chloride); powellite (calcium molybdate); whewellite (calcium oxalate); autunite (calcium phosphate); anorthite, apophyllite, chabazite, datolite, epidote, eudialite, feldspar, gyrolite, hornblende, margarite,…

General information Calcium dobesilate is an antioxidant that has been used to treat diabetic retinopathy, in which it slows progression of the disease during long-term oral treatment by reducing microvascular permeability, leading to improved visual acuity [ ]. It not only acts as an antioxidant but also stimulates endothelial production of nitric oxide. In early studies the most common adverse reactions to calcium dobesilate after oral…

See also Individual agents General information The calcium channel blockers block the movement of calcium across L-type calcium channels. The main drugs that share this action are verapamil (a phenylalkylamine), diltiazem (a benzthiazepine), and the dihydropyridines, which include amlodipine, darodipine, felodipine, isradipine, lacidipine, lercanidipine, manidipine, nicardipine, nifedipine, nimodipine, nisoldipine, and nitrendipine. Other agents, for example prenylamine and lidoflazine, are now rarely used, and perhexiline, having failed…

General information Calcium carbimide has effects and uses similar to those of disulfiram, and has been used in the treatment of chronic alcoholism [ ]. Its alternative name, cyanamide, has also been used to designate carbimide, which is used in veterinary medicine. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log…

General information Calcitonin inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption, increases the urinary excretion of calcium and phosphate, and reduces serum calcium. It is established in the treatment of disorders of high bone turnover, including Paget’s disease and postmenopausal osteoporosis, but is less effective than the bisphosphonates. Calcitonin is less effective than other therapeutic measures in the treatment of acute hypercalcemia. Long-term administration of calcitonin reduces morbidity in cases…

General information The use of calcitetracemate in the treatment of lead poisoning has been described [ ]. Between 1993 and 2000, 45 adult patients consulted the Poison Centre of Marseilles, France after lead exposure (9 women, 36 men, average age 44, range 22–76 years). In 22 patients, a calcitetracemate provocation test was negative. Six patients with a positive test refused to be treated; the other 16…

General information Topical calcipotriol (a vitamin D analogue) is an effective and safe treatment for mild to moderate psoriasis vulgaris. Its mode of action is identical to that of 1,25-dihydroxycolecalciferol (calcitriol). Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Calabash chalk is a mineral that is mainly composed of fossilized seashells. It is also known as Calabar stone, La Craie or Argile in French, Nzu by the Ibo of Nigeria, and Mabele by the Lingala speaking people of Zaire. In some African communities it is eaten by pregnant women to relieve morning sickness. Calabash chalk should not be confused with other terms containing…

See also Theophylline and related compounds . General information Caffeine is a methylxanthine used to stimulate the central nervous system in combating fatigue and drowsiness. Caffeine stimulates the central nervous system, skeletal muscle contraction and gastric secretion. It acts to a lesser extent on the kidney, producing a diuresis. Most of its adverse effects result from accentuated pharmacological actions, including those described above, and they may…

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General information Cabergoline is an ergoline derivative that has been used in patients with hyperprolactinemia [ ], but is used nowadays in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Adverse reactions include nausea, hypotension, headache, gastric pain, dizziness, and weakness, which as a rule resolve over time. It is almost universally accepted that directly acting dopamine receptor agonists have less efficacy than levodopa, although the reasons are not clear.…

General information C31G is a mixture of two synthetic amphoteric surface-active compounds, cetyl betaine and myristamine oxide, and has being studied as a contraceptive and microbicide. In in vitro testing C31G reduces total sperm count and sperm motility [ ]. It has broad-spectrum in vitro activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including a range of antibiotic-resistant strains, a wide range of fungi and yeasts, and…

General information Hereditary angioedema, which is characterized by episodic bouts of swelling of submucosal and subcutaneous tissue, is due to a hereditary abnormality of C1 esterase inhibitor, either a deficiency of the normal enzyme or more rarely the presence of an abnormal enzyme. If C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency can be demonstrated, infusion of concentrated C1 esterase inhibitor is effective in treating the attack. In three studies,…

See also Cresols General information Butylated hydroxytoluene, a cresol derivative, is an additive used as an antioxidant in foods, such as packet cake mixes, potato crisps, salted peanuts, and dehydrated mashed potatoes. In March 1990 the Danish Product Register included 440 products containing butylated hydroxytoluene; the content was below 50 ppm in 66% of these products; the main categories were paints/lacquers and hardeners for paints, glues,…

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