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Corticosteroids—glucocorticoids

General information Nomenclature The two main classes of adrenal corticosteroids are properly known as glucocorticoids and mineralocorticosteroids. The former are often known by shorter names and are commonly referred to as “glucocorticoids”, “corticosteroids”, “corticoids”, or even simply “steroids”; the latter are often referred to as “mineralocorticoids”. Here we shall use the terms “glucocorticoids” and “mineralocorticoids”. When referring to both we shall use the term “corticosteroids”. Relative…

Corn starch

See also Etherified starches General information Corn starch is a white, tasteless, odorless powder, used in food processing, papermaking, and the production of industrial adhesives; it is also a component of many cosmetics and oral pharmaceutical products. It has been used as a lubricant in surgical gloves. Various adverse reactions to corn starch have been reported after surgical use. Corn starch is not by itself allergenic,…

Copper

General information Copper is a reddish metallic element (symbol Cu; atomic no. 29). Its symbol derives from the Latin word cuprum, because it was originally discovered in Cyprus. It is widely found as different salts in minerals such as atacamite (chloride); azurite and malachite (carbonates); bornite, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, stannite, tennantite, and tetrahedrite (sulfides); chalcanthite (sulfate); dioptase (silicate); erinite and olivenite (arsenates); tenorite (oxide); torbernite (phosphate); and…

Convolvulaceae

General information The genera in the family of Convolvulaceae ( Table 1 ) include bindweed and morning glory [ ]. Table 1 Genera of convolvulaceae Aniseia (aniseia) Argyreia (argyreia) Bonamia (lady’s nightcap) Calystegia (false bindweed) Convolvulus (bindweed) Cressa (alkaliweed) Dichondra (pony’s foot) Erycibe Evolvulus (dwarf morning glory) Ipomoea (morning glory; sweet potato) Jacquemontia (cluster vine) Merremia (wood rose) Operculina (lidpod) Poranopsis (poranopsis) Stictocardia (stictocardia) Stylisma (dawn…

Contact lenses and solutions

General information There are two types of contact lenses, soft and hard; most are manufactured from methacrylate polymer [ ]. Soft lenses are made of hydrophilic hydrogel polymers that contain 36–74% water. Other plastics and co-polymers are added to alter the physical characteristics of the lens. The diameter is 10.5–15.5 mm and the thickness at the center 0.03–20 mm. Soft lenses can correct most optical defects,…

Complementary and alternative medicine

General information Complementary and alternative medicine (also referred to as “non-orthodox,” “unconventional,” “holistic”, and "integrative" medicine) comprises a heterogeneous array of interventions, from acupuncture to spinal manipulation and from herbal medicine to homeopathy. The techniques referred to in this monograph are: Acupuncture Animal cell therapy Anthroposophy Aromatherapy Cupping Homeopathy Hypnosis Manipulation Massage Skin branding Herbal products and animal products are covered in separate monographs. Complementary medicine…

Colophony

See also Cupressaceae General information Colophony (rosin) derives from pine resin, tall oil, and stump extracts [ ]. It is used in its native or chemically modified forms, hydrogenated, disproportionated, esterified, polymerized, as salts, or reacted with maleic anhydride or formaldehyde. It is used in the sizing of paper and paperboard, to make waxes and varnishes, for coating the strings of bows used to play stringed…

Collagen and gelatin

General information Collagen is a natural fibrous protein found in human cartilage, connective tissue, and bone. Glutaraldehyde cross-linked bovine collagen is a sterile, biocompatible, biodegradable, purified bovine dermocollagen cross-linked with glutaraldehyde, mixed in a phosphate buffered saline solution. Purified solubilized bovine collagen is used as bio-material for the treatment of soft tissue defects and has been used for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence since the…

Colchicine

General information Colchicine is an antimitotic agent, highly effective in the treatment of gout, but associated with considerable toxicity. Diarrhea is used as a criterion for adequate dosage. Accidental overdosage occurs relatively often and can be dangerous. For these reasons, NSAIDs (except aspirin) are often used in acute gout instead of colchicine. There is controversy about the long-term toxicity of colchicine. In familial Mediterranean fever, low…

Codeine

General information The pharmacodynamic and adverse effects of codeine are mainly due to O-demethylation by CYP2D6 to morphine or a metabolite of morphine [ ]. Poor metabolizers may lack the analgesic effect of codeine. In a retrospective study of patients with chronic rheumatological conditions, 290 of 644 clinic patients had received either codeine or oxycodone analgesia, of whom 137 had been given opioids for a continuous…

Cocamidopropyl betaine

General information Cocamidopropyl betaine is the most commonly used amphoteric surfactant in shampoos, bath products, and other cosmetic products. It is popular because of its relatively low potential for irritation. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Cocaine

General information Cocaine is an alkaloid derived from the plant Erythroxylon coca and other Erythroxylon species in South America. The leaves contain cocaine as the principal alkaloid, plus a variety of minor alkaloids. Only decocainized coca products are legal in the USA, but some commercially available tea products have been found in the past to contain cocaine in a concentration normally found in coca leaves (about…

Cobalt

See also Chromium General information Cobalt is a metallic element (symbol Co; atomic no. 27). It is an important constituent of the cobalamins (vitamin B 12 ) and is found as arsenates and arsenides in naturally occurring minerals such as erythrite, skutterudite, and smaltite. Cobalt has been used in the treatment of anemia, because of its erythropoietic action. However, it is toxic to many organs, and…

Coal tar and Dithranol

General information Coal tar (also known as liquor carbonis) is a black, viscous liquid by-product obtained during the distillation of bituminous coal and as a by-product in the manufacture of coke. It is used in cosmetic products as a biocide and denaturant and in antidandruff shampoos. It is used therapeutically to manage psoriasis and atopic dermatitis [ ]. Crude coal tar is composed of 48% hydrocarbons,…