See also Cupressaceae General information Colophony (rosin) derives from pine resin, tall oil, and stump extracts [ ]. It is used in its native or chemically modified forms, hydrogenated, disproportionated, esterified, polymerized, as salts, or reacted with maleic anhydride or formaldehyde. It is used in the sizing of paper and paperboard, to make waxes and varnishes, for coating the strings of bows used to play stringed…

General information Collagen is a natural fibrous protein found in human cartilage, connective tissue, and bone. Glutaraldehyde cross-linked bovine collagen is a sterile, biocompatible, biodegradable, purified bovine dermocollagen cross-linked with glutaraldehyde, mixed in a phosphate buffered saline solution. Purified solubilized bovine collagen is used as bio-material for the treatment of soft tissue defects and has been used for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence since the…

General information Colchicine is an antimitotic agent, highly effective in the treatment of gout, but associated with considerable toxicity. Diarrhea is used as a criterion for adequate dosage. Accidental overdosage occurs relatively often and can be dangerous. For these reasons, NSAIDs (except aspirin) are often used in acute gout instead of colchicine. There is controversy about the long-term toxicity of colchicine. In familial Mediterranean fever, low…

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General information The pharmacodynamic and adverse effects of codeine are mainly due to O-demethylation by CYP2D6 to morphine or a metabolite of morphine [ ]. Poor metabolizers may lack the analgesic effect of codeine. In a retrospective study of patients with chronic rheumatological conditions, 290 of 644 clinic patients had received either codeine or oxycodone analgesia, of whom 137 had been given opioids for a continuous…

General information Cocamidopropyl betaine is the most commonly used amphoteric surfactant in shampoos, bath products, and other cosmetic products. It is popular because of its relatively low potential for irritation. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Cocaine is an alkaloid derived from the plant Erythroxylon coca and other Erythroxylon species in South America. The leaves contain cocaine as the principal alkaloid, plus a variety of minor alkaloids. Only decocainized coca products are legal in the USA, but some commercially available tea products have been found in the past to contain cocaine in a concentration normally found in coca leaves (about…

See also Chromium General information Cobalt is a metallic element (symbol Co; atomic no. 27). It is an important constituent of the cobalamins (vitamin B 12 ) and is found as arsenates and arsenides in naturally occurring minerals such as erythrite, skutterudite, and smaltite. Cobalt has been used in the treatment of anemia, because of its erythropoietic action. However, it is toxic to many organs, and…

General information Coal tar (also known as liquor carbonis) is a black, viscous liquid by-product obtained during the distillation of bituminous coal and as a by-product in the manufacture of coke. It is used in cosmetic products as a biocide and denaturant and in antidandruff shampoos. It is used therapeutically to manage psoriasis and atopic dermatitis [ ]. Crude coal tar is composed of 48% hydrocarbons,…

See also Individual agents General information The major coagulation and fibrinolytic proteins are listed in Table 1 . Table 1 Proteins involved in coagulation and fibrinolysis Protein (synonym) Function Coagulation proteins Factor I (fibrinogen) Activated to fibrin Factor II a (prothrombin) Activated to thrombin Factor III (tissue thromboplastin) Extrinsic pathway Factor IV (calcium) Co-factor Factor V (Ac-globulin; proaccelerin) Converts prothrombin to thrombin Factor VI (unassigned) Factor…

General information The genera in the family of Clusiaceae ( Table 1 ) include St John’s wort and brindleberry (gamboge). Table 1 Genera of Clusiaceae Calophyllum (calophyllum) Hypericum (St John’s wort) Platonia (platonia) Clusia (attorney) Mammea (mammea) Triadenum (marsh St John’s wort) Garcinia (sap tree) Pentadesma (pentadesma) Garcinia gambogia (brindleberry, gamboge) Liver There have been many reports of hepatotoxicity associated with herbal products used for weight…

See also Neuroleptic drugs General information Clozapine is a dibenzodiazepine, an atypical neuroleptic drug with a high affinity for dopamine D4 receptors and a low affinity for other subtypes [ ]. It is also an antagonist at alpha-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A receptors, muscarinic receptors, and histamine H1 receptors. Drug studies Observational studies Rates of hospitalization with clozapine have been analysed by Novartis, the manufacturers, based on two retrospective…

See also Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) General information Cloximate is an oxime ether derivative non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) [ ]. It was approved in only a few countries, and experience with it is limited. The usual adverse effects of NSAIDs (headache, insomnia, drowsiness, anorexia, gastrointestinal symptoms, a transient increase in blood urea, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and rashes) have been reported [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become…

See also Neuroleptic drugs General information Clotiapine is a dibenzothiazepine neuroleptic drug [ ]. Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

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General information Clopidogrel is a thienopyridine compound, structurally related to ticlopidine, which inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation [ ]. Its efficacy in stroke, myocardial infarction, and other vascular causes of death has been demonstrated in the CAPRIE Study [ ], a large trial in which 9599 patients were treated with clopidogrel. The most frequent adverse effects were gastrointestinal symptoms, although they were not significantly more frequent than…

General information The presynaptic α-adrenoceptor agonists, particularly methyldopa and clonidine, are agonists at presynaptic α 2 -adrenoceptors. Guanabenz, guanfacine, and tiamenidine appear to be qualitatively similar to clonidine; clear evidence of quantitative differences remains to be confirmed. The mechanism of action of these drugs depends on reducing sympathetic nervous outflow from the nervous system by interference with regulatory neurotransmitter systems in the brainstem. Because none of…

General information Clonazepam is a benzodiazepine that is used predominantly in epilepsy, panic disorder, and mania, and also appears to be effective in relieving antipsychotic drug-induced akathisia [ ]. The use of clonazepam in psychiatric disorders is complicated by significant drowsiness in a majority of patients, and additional behavioral problems in children [ ]. Although they are commonly used in the adjunctive management of chronic pain,…

See also Tricyclic antidepressants General information Clomipramine is the imipramine analogue of chlorpromazine. However, while the difference between chlorpromazine and promazine is large, adding a chloride atom to imipramine hardly affects its actions. Most trials have failed to show any superiority of the chlorinated compound over imipramine. The adverse reactions profile is similar [ ], but drowsiness, confusion, and “feeling awful” are commonly reported [ ].…

General information Clomiphene is a very weak non-steroidal estrogen; it blocks the feedback effect of endogenous estrogens on the pituitary, promoting the further secretion of gonadotropins. The primary use of clomiphene in women is in the induction of ovulation. In men, it has been used to treat infertility in view of its ability to increase endogenous production of testosterone [ ]. Drug studies In one large…