General information Liquorice owes its ulcer-healing properties to glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhizic acid; carbenoxolone is related to the latter. All these substances have unwanted mineralocorticoid-like effects. Deglycyrrhizinated liquorice and lauryl glycyrrhetinic acid, which are also used in some countries for their ulcer-healing effects, do not have mineralocorticoid-like effects. It should be noted that liquorice is sometimes present in laxatives, for example those prepared by herbalists, and that…

See also Beta-lactam antibiotics General information Carbapenems differ from penicillins and cephalosporins by a methylene substitution for sulfur in the five-membered beta-ring structure. Imipenem and meropenem belong to this class of compounds. Although there are various natural carbapenems [ ], their potential is limited by chemical instability. Imipenem (N-formimidoylthienamycin), the first carbapenem in use, is therefore a stabilized synthetic compound. To overcome a second difficulty, namely…

See also Antiepileptic drugs General information Carbamazepine is usually regarded as the drug of choice for partial seizures (with or without secondary generalization) and it can also be valuable in preventing primary generalized tonic–clonic seizures. General adverse effects and adverse reactions Cerebellovestibular and oculomotor dysfunction (with dizziness, diplopia, nystagmus, ataxia), fatigue, and sedation (usually transient) are relatively common. Nausea, vomiting, cognitive dysfunction, headache, myoclonus (including non-epileptic…

You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors General information Captopril is a sulfhydryl-containing ACE inhibitor used in the management of hypertension and heart failure, after myocardial infarction, and in diabetic nephropathy. Organs and systems Respiratory Two cases of alveolitis have been reported with captopril, one associated with eosinophilia [ ] and the other with a lymphocytic pulmonary infiltrate [ ]. Pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia has been reported in…

General information Caprolactam is a monomer used in the textiles industry in the production of Nylon-6 polyamide, a textile with a high strength-to-weight ratio and good chemical and thermal stability and durability. Nylon-6 polyamide is widely used in the manufacture of fishing nets, tyre yarns, sewing threads, industrial drive-belts, in castings and injection molding and extrusion. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for…

See also Antituberculosis drugs General information Capreomycin has been abandoned for the treatment of tuberculosis and replaced by first-choice drugs. In rare cases, it has been administered in infections with non-tuberculous mycobacteria when there is multiple drug resistance to the first-line antituberculosis drugs [ ]. Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership…

See also Herbal medicines General information The genera in the family of Capparaceae ( Table 1 ) include caper and stinkweed. Table 1 Genera of Capparaceae Atamisquea (atamisquea) Capparis (caper) Cleome (spiderflower) Cleomella (stinkweed) Forchhammeria (forchhammeria) Koeberlinia (allthorn) Morisonia (morisonia) Oxystylis (oxystylis) Polanisia (clammyweed) Wislizenia (wislizenia) You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you…

General information Capecitabine is a prodrug of fluorouracil, which has been developed as a tumor-selective fluoropyrimidine carbamate in order to achieve high cytotoxic concentrations of fluorouracil in tumor cells. In addition, during daily oral administration, capecitabine mimics continuous fluorouracil administration. The systemic availability of oral fluorouracil is unacceptably highly variable (0–80%). More consistent availability could be achieved by the concomitant use of reversible or irreversible inhibitors…

General information Cannabis is the abbreviated name for the hemp plant Cannabis sativa . The common names for cannabis include marijuana, grass, and weed. Other names for cannabis refer to particular strains; they include bhang and ganja. The most potent forms of cannabis come from the flowering tops of the plants or from the dried resinous exudate of the leaves, and are referred to as hashish…

See also Herbal medicines General information The family of Cannabaceae contains two genera, Cannabis (hemp) and Humulus (hop). The cannabinoids are covered in a separate monograph. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Angiotensin receptor antagonists General information Candesartan cilexetil is the prodrug of candesartan, an angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist. Absorbed candesartan cilexetil is completely metabolized to candesartan. Candesartan has a half-life of about 9 hours (slightly longer in elderly people). In an open study of 4531 hypertensive patients, the total incidence of adverse effects of candesartan was 6.1% [ ]. Individual adverse effects…

General information The symptoms of systemic camphor poisoning have been reviewed [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Herbal medicines General information The genera in the family of Campanulaceae ( Table 1 ) include lobelia and Venus’ looking glass. Table 1 The genera of Campanulaceae Asyneuma (harebell) Brighamia (brighamia) Campanula (bell flower) Campanulastrum (bell flower) Canarina (canarina) Clermontia (clermontia) Codonopsis (poor man’s ginseng) Cyanea (cyanea) Delissea (delissea) Downingia (calico flower) Gadellia (gadellia) Githopsis (bluecup) Heterocodon (heterocodon) Hippobroma (hippobroma) Howellia (howellia) Jasione (jasione)…

General information Calcium is a soft grayish-white metallic element, one of the alkaline earth metals (symbol Ca; atomic no. 20). It is found in sources such as lewisite (calcium antimonate), colemanite and pandermite (calcium borates); ankerite, aragonite, calcite, chalk, dolomite, and stromatolite (calcium carbonates); hydrophilite (calcium chloride); powellite (calcium molybdate); whewellite (calcium oxalate); autunite (calcium phosphate); anorthite, apophyllite, chabazite, datolite, epidote, eudialite, feldspar, gyrolite, hornblende, margarite,…

General information Calcium dobesilate is an antioxidant that has been used to treat diabetic retinopathy, in which it slows progression of the disease during long-term oral treatment by reducing microvascular permeability, leading to improved visual acuity [ ]. It not only acts as an antioxidant but also stimulates endothelial production of nitric oxide. In early studies the most common adverse reactions to calcium dobesilate after oral…

See also Individual agents General information The calcium channel blockers block the movement of calcium across L-type calcium channels. The main drugs that share this action are verapamil (a phenylalkylamine), diltiazem (a benzthiazepine), and the dihydropyridines, which include amlodipine, darodipine, felodipine, isradipine, lacidipine, lercanidipine, manidipine, nicardipine, nifedipine, nimodipine, nisoldipine, and nitrendipine. Other agents, for example prenylamine and lidoflazine, are now rarely used, and perhexiline, having failed…

General information Calcium carbimide has effects and uses similar to those of disulfiram, and has been used in the treatment of chronic alcoholism [ ]. Its alternative name, cyanamide, has also been used to designate carbimide, which is used in veterinary medicine. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log…

General information Calcitonin inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption, increases the urinary excretion of calcium and phosphate, and reduces serum calcium. It is established in the treatment of disorders of high bone turnover, including Paget’s disease and postmenopausal osteoporosis, but is less effective than the bisphosphonates. Calcitonin is less effective than other therapeutic measures in the treatment of acute hypercalcemia. Long-term administration of calcitonin reduces morbidity in cases…

General information The use of calcitetracemate in the treatment of lead poisoning has been described [ ]. Between 1993 and 2000, 45 adult patients consulted the Poison Centre of Marseilles, France after lead exposure (9 women, 36 men, average age 44, range 22–76 years). In 22 patients, a calcitetracemate provocation test was negative. Six patients with a positive test refused to be treated; the other 16…