See also Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists General information Carvedilol is a highly lipophilic non-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist with alpha1-blocking action, promoting peripheral vasodilatation. It also has free radical scavenging and antimitogenic effects. The safety and tolerability profile of carvedilol in heart failure appears to be reassuring [ ]. In trials in patients with congestive heart failure, carvedilol was withdrawn in only about 5% [ ]. The most common adverse…

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General information Carnitine Carnitine is a quaternary ammonium compound that is essential in transporting fatty acids from the cytosol into the mitochondria during lipid catabolism. It is found in high concentrations in red meat and dairy products. Other sources include nuts and seeds (for example, pumpkin, sunflower, and sesame seeds), legumes or pulses (beans, peas, lentils, peanuts), vegetables (artichokes, asparagus, beet greens, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, garlic,…

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General information Carisoprodol is a precursor of meprobamate, an oral anxiolytic with similarities to benzodiazepines. The spasmolytic effect of carisoprodol is thought to be due to interruption of neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord. Major adverse effects are sedation and drowsiness. Because of an increased risk of abuse and addiction [ , ] carisoprodol was withdrawn from many countries in 2008. However, in…

General information Many aspects of the pharmacology, clinical pharmacology, and adverse effects, adverse reactions, and interactions of cardiac glycosides have been reviewed [ ]. Note on nomenclature The most commonly used cardiac glycosides, digoxin and digitoxin, are derived from foxgloves, respectively Digitalis lanata and Digitalis purpurea . For this reason they are generally known as “digitalis.” Most other cardiac glycosides, such as ouabain and proscillaridin, do…

General information Carboxypeptidases are regulatory peptide-processing enzymes that are secreted by human cells [ ]. Carboxypeptidase G2, which is produced by Pseudomonas strain RS-16, hydrolyses the glutamate residue from methotrexate and other folate analogues [ ] and rapidly hydrolyses methotrexate to the inactive metabolite DAMPA (4-[[2,4-diamino-6-(pteridinyl)methyl]-methylamino]-benzoic acid) and glutamate. It has been used when unexpected toxicity or renal insufficiency occurs during high-dose methotrexate therapy [ ],…

See also Prostaglandins General information Carboprost is a 15-methylated analogue of PGF 2α . It is used in termination of pregnancy, in the management of labor, and to treat postpartum hemorrhage and uterine atony. Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information The carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, of which acetazolamide, a non-competitive inhibitor, is the prototype, are not suitable for normal diuretic use, because tolerance soon develops. However, they are well suited to brief intermittent use, particularly in the relief of glaucoma and in the prevention of acute mountain sickness. Acetazolamide and methazolamide should be used with caution in the long-term control of glaucoma because of its…

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General information Liquorice owes its ulcer-healing properties to glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhizic acid; carbenoxolone is related to the latter. All these substances have unwanted mineralocorticoid-like effects. Deglycyrrhizinated liquorice and lauryl glycyrrhetinic acid, which are also used in some countries for their ulcer-healing effects, do not have mineralocorticoid-like effects. It should be noted that liquorice is sometimes present in laxatives, for example those prepared by herbalists, and that…

See also Beta-lactam antibiotics General information Carbapenems differ from penicillins and cephalosporins by a methylene substitution for sulfur in the five-membered beta-ring structure. Imipenem and meropenem belong to this class of compounds. Although there are various natural carbapenems [ ], their potential is limited by chemical instability. Imipenem (N-formimidoylthienamycin), the first carbapenem in use, is therefore a stabilized synthetic compound. To overcome a second difficulty, namely…

See also Antiepileptic drugs General information Carbamazepine is usually regarded as the drug of choice for partial seizures (with or without secondary generalization) and it can also be valuable in preventing primary generalized tonic–clonic seizures. General adverse effects and adverse reactions Cerebellovestibular and oculomotor dysfunction (with dizziness, diplopia, nystagmus, ataxia), fatigue, and sedation (usually transient) are relatively common. Nausea, vomiting, cognitive dysfunction, headache, myoclonus (including non-epileptic…

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See also Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors General information Captopril is a sulfhydryl-containing ACE inhibitor used in the management of hypertension and heart failure, after myocardial infarction, and in diabetic nephropathy. Organs and systems Respiratory Two cases of alveolitis have been reported with captopril, one associated with eosinophilia [ ] and the other with a lymphocytic pulmonary infiltrate [ ]. Pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia has been reported in…

General information Caprolactam is a monomer used in the textiles industry in the production of Nylon-6 polyamide, a textile with a high strength-to-weight ratio and good chemical and thermal stability and durability. Nylon-6 polyamide is widely used in the manufacture of fishing nets, tyre yarns, sewing threads, industrial drive-belts, in castings and injection molding and extrusion. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for…

See also Antituberculosis drugs General information Capreomycin has been abandoned for the treatment of tuberculosis and replaced by first-choice drugs. In rare cases, it has been administered in infections with non-tuberculous mycobacteria when there is multiple drug resistance to the first-line antituberculosis drugs [ ]. Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership…

See also Herbal medicines General information The genera in the family of Capparaceae ( Table 1 ) include caper and stinkweed. Table 1 Genera of Capparaceae Atamisquea (atamisquea) Capparis (caper) Cleome (spiderflower) Cleomella (stinkweed) Forchhammeria (forchhammeria) Koeberlinia (allthorn) Morisonia (morisonia) Oxystylis (oxystylis) Polanisia (clammyweed) Wislizenia (wislizenia) You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you…

General information Capecitabine is a prodrug of fluorouracil, which has been developed as a tumor-selective fluoropyrimidine carbamate in order to achieve high cytotoxic concentrations of fluorouracil in tumor cells. In addition, during daily oral administration, capecitabine mimics continuous fluorouracil administration. The systemic availability of oral fluorouracil is unacceptably highly variable (0–80%). More consistent availability could be achieved by the concomitant use of reversible or irreversible inhibitors…