See also Colophony General information The genera in the family of Cupressaceae ( Table 1 ) include cedar, cypress, and juniper. Allergy to the pollen from these plants is common and may be increasing in frequency [ , ]. Symptoms include rhinitis and asthma. Contact dermatitis can also occur. Some patients have an eosinophilia [ ] and there is T cell activation [ ]. Table 1…

General information Cuprammonium cellulose is a constituent of some dialysis membranes [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information The genera in the family of Cucurbitaceae ( Table 1 ) include cucumbers, gourds, and melons. Table 1 Genera of Cucurbitaceae Apodanthera (apodanthera) Benincasa (benincasa) Brandegea (starvine) Bryonia (bryony) Cayaponia (melonleaf) Citrullus (watermelon) Coccinia (coccinia) Ctenolepis (ctenolepis) Cucumis (melon) Cucumeropsis (cucumeropsis) Cucurbita (gourd) Cyclanthera (cyclanthera) Doyerea (doyeria) Ecballium (squirting cucumber) Echinocystis (echinocystis) Echinopepon (balsam apple) Fevillea (fevillea) Hodgsonia (hodgsonia) Ibervillea (globeberry) Lagenaria (lagenaria) Luffa…

General information Potassium and sodium salts are given intravenously in solutions to replace body fluids and electrolytes. Adverse reactions are rare and usually limited to the effects of overtransfusion. Microwave heating of crystalloid fluids has been recommended as a method of correcting hypothermia during resuscitation. Severe full-thickness burns and venous thrombosis occurred after infusion of over-heated crystalloid fluid in the management of a ruptured aortic aneurysm…

General information Prethcamide is a mixture in equal parts by weight of cropropamide and crotethamide. It has similar actions to doxapram hydrochloride and has been used as a respiratory stimulant in humans as well as illicitly in racehorses [ ]. When crotetamide was given intravenously, the incidence of adverse reactions was 25% [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access…

General information Cromoglicate disodium salt (cromoglicate sodium) is available as a powder for inhalation. Each capsule contains 20 mg. The usual dose is 1 capsule inhaled four times daily. It is also dispensed in a multidose-pressurized aerosol delivering 1 or 5 mg per actuation. A 1.0% nebulizer solution (20 mg dissolved in 2 ml of distilled water) is also available. It is nebulized over 15 minutes…

See also Butylated hydroxytoluene General information Cresols are methylphenols in which the methyl group can be in the meta-, ortho-, or para- position. Orthocresol is 2-methylphenol, metacresol is 3-methylphenol, and paracresol is 4-methylphenol. Tricresol is 2,3,4-methylphenol. Several cresols are used as dyestuffs in pharmaceutical products, as chemical reagents, and elsewhere. They include bromocresol green [ ], bromocresol purple [ ], bromothymol blue [ ], cresol red…

General information Cremophor is a non-ionic solubilizer and emulsifier that is made by reacting ethylene oxide with castor oil [ ]. It is a pale yellow oily liquid consisting of a mixture of components, primarily polyethylene glycol conjugates. Fatty acid esters of polyethyleneglycol are also present, as well as hydrophilic polyethylene glycols and ethoxylated glycerol. It is present in intravenous formulations of the anticancer drugs teniposide…

General information The cyclo-oxygenase (COX) that is responsible for prostaglandin synthesis exists in two isoforms, COX-1 and COX-2, which differ in their structure, regulation, expression, and function. COX-1 is expressed normally in a constant amount in almost all body tissues and produces prostaglandins important for the maintenance of normal homeostasis. In particular, among other important functions, they help to protect the gastrointestinal mucosa against ulceration and…

General information The coumarins were first discovered in Wisconsin, when bleeding in cattle was found to be due to the consumption of bruised sweet clover in the 1920s [ ]. The causative agent, dicoumarol, was isolated in 1940, and a range of related compounds was then synthesized, the most popular of which proved to be warfarin (named after the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation). Other coumarins that…

General information The plant lactone coumarin (not to be confused with coumarin anticoagulants) is a constituent of some plants [ ], including: Alyxia lucida ; Anthoxanthum odoratum (vanilla grass); Dalea tuberculata (silver prairie clover); Dipteryx odorata (tonka bean); Gallium odoratum (sweet woodruff); Hierochloe odorata (sweet grass); Levisticum officinale (lovage); Melilotus officinalis (yellow sweet clover); Scabiosa comosa (scabious); Verbascum spp (mullein); Cinnamomum aromaticum (cassia cinnamon); Panicum Clandestinum…

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General information The adrenocorticotrophic hormone ACTH (corticotropin) stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete the glucocorticoids hydrocortisone (cortisol) and corticosterone, the mineralocorticoid aldosterone, and a number of weakly androgenic substances, as well as a small amount of testosterone. Aldosterone synthesis is also regulated by renin and angiotensin. This monograph should be read in conjunction with the monograph on glucocorticoids. It is not always clear which adverse effects…

General information Aldosterone is the principal physiological salt-retaining mineralocorticoid, but it is unsuitable for routine medical use since it is rapidly inactivated when given orally. Desoxycorticosterone (DCA, DOCA, desoxycortone) was used for a long time, but it had to be taken sublingually (or implanted or injected) to avoid inactivation during passage through the liver. Overdosage of desoxycorticosterone, leading to hypertensive encephalopathy and permanent brain damage, has…

General information The local adverse effects of topical glucocorticoids [ , ] are listed in Table 1 . They include transient local erythema, calcinosis cutis, cramps (due to injection of crystals into a vessel), amaurosis (a dubious report), depigmentation, skin atrophy, and skin necrosis [ ]. Table 1 Adverse reactions to topical glucocorticoids Effects on the pilosebaceous unit Effects on the immune system Perioral dermatitis […

General information Eye-drops Glucocorticoids that have been used for local ophthalmic treatment as eye-drops include medrysone, fluorometholone, tetrahydroxytriamcinolone, and clobetasone. Loteprednol etabonate 0.5% increases intraocular pressure less than dexamethasone. Studies on animal models of uveitis and two randomized double-masked trials have shown that loteprednol etabonate 0.5% is less potent than dexamethasone, prednisolone acetate 1%, or fluorometholone, which may partly explain the improved toxicity profile of loteprednol…

General information The safety of nasal glucocorticoids in the treatment of allergic rhinitis has been reviewed [ , ]. The local application of glucocorticoids for seasonal or perennial rhinitis often results in systemic adverse effects. The use of nasal sprays containing a glucocorticoid that has specific topical activity (such as beclomethasone dipropionate or flunisolide) seems to reduce the systemic adverse effects, but they can nevertheless occur,…

General information Intralesional triamcinolone acetonide has been used extensively for the treatment of hypertrophic and keloid scars. Complications are few, usually being local skin color changes, prominent vascular markings, or subcutaneous atrophy. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Local injections of glucocorticoids into and around the joints can have a dramatic therapeutic effect, but the catabolic effect can have serious consequences, including adverse effects on joint structure [ ] and on local tendons, subcutaneous atrophy, and possibly osteonecrosis. Provided the state of the joint is carefully inspected before any new injection is given, and the interval between the injections is not less…

See also Inhaler propellants General information Treatment with inhaled glucocorticoids reduces the need for oral glucocorticoids in the treatment of severe asthma. The compounds used for inhalation have high local activity and low systemic availability when delivered to the lung. However, if sufficient amounts of glucocorticoids reach the bronchioles be absorbed, systemic effects will occur. Furthermore, a proportion of the dose intended for inhalation is actually…