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Cyclophosphamide

General information Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating nitrogen mustard derivative mainly used in oncology patients [ ] or in conditioning regimens for bone marrow transplantation. Its immunosuppressant properties have been used in organ transplantation and more often in chronic inflammatory disorders or autoimmune diseases. Drug studies Observational studies Cyclophosphamide has been investigated in a wide range of diseases, but results in aplastic anemia and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis…

Cyclopentolate hydrochloride

See also Anticholinergic drugs General information Cyclopentolate is an anticholinergic drug used in eye-drops as a mydriatic. It can cause both local [ ] and systemic adverse reactions [ , ]. Organs and systems Nervous system Seizures have occasionally been reported after the use of cyclopentolate [ ], as has dysarthria [ ], in one case accompanied by an inability to walk, disequilibrium, and disorientation in…

Cyclofenil

General information Cyclofenil is a weak non-steroidal compound related to diethylstilbestrol. It has two different actions on the hypothalamic–hypophyseal axis, an estrogen-like action that reduces serum FSH concentrations and an antiestrogen-like action that reduces serum prolactin concentrations [ ]. It has been used to induce ovulation [ ], to treat female normoprolactinemic infertility in combination with bromocriptine [ ], menopausal symptoms [ ], Raynaud’s phenomenon secondary…

Cyclobenzaprine

General information Cyclobenzaprine is a centrally acting skeletal-muscle relaxant, claimed to be effective in providing relief of muscle spasm, pain and tenderness, and in reducing the limitations imposed thereby on normal daily activities. The recommended total oral daily dose is 10–30 mg [ ]. It is structurally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants and adverse effects similar to those seen with the tricyclic antidepressants are therefore to…

Cyclizine

See also : Antihistamines General information Cyclizine is a first-generation antihistamine, a piperazine derivative, with sedative and antimuscarinic activity, although its sedative effects are not marked. Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Cyclazocine

General information Cyclazocine is an agonist at KOR(OP 2 , κ) opioid receptors and it is its affinity for these receptors that is thought to account for disruption of the normal sleep pattern, urination, and sustained arousal that it causes [ ]. Visual disturbances and racing thoughts have also been reported and are subject to tolerance [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree…

Cyanoacrylates

General information Cyanoacrylate (Histoacryl) is a tissue adhesive used in duraplasty. The sites at which it is used should be carefully chosen. Its adverse effects and reactions to it have been reviewed [ ]. Cyanoacrylates are also in use for embolization of arteriovenous malformations in the brain. The risk of this procedure is the creation of pulmonary emboli after acrylate glue injection, particularly when delivery systems…

Cupressaceae

See also Colophony General information The genera in the family of Cupressaceae ( Table 1 ) include cedar, cypress, and juniper. Allergy to the pollen from these plants is common and may be increasing in frequency [ , ]. Symptoms include rhinitis and asthma. Contact dermatitis can also occur. Some patients have an eosinophilia [ ] and there is T cell activation [ ]. Table 1…

Cucurbitaceae

General information The genera in the family of Cucurbitaceae ( Table 1 ) include cucumbers, gourds, and melons. Table 1 Genera of Cucurbitaceae Apodanthera (apodanthera) Benincasa (benincasa) Brandegea (starvine) Bryonia (bryony) Cayaponia (melonleaf) Citrullus (watermelon) Coccinia (coccinia) Ctenolepis (ctenolepis) Cucumis (melon) Cucumeropsis (cucumeropsis) Cucurbita (gourd) Cyclanthera (cyclanthera) Doyerea (doyeria) Ecballium (squirting cucumber) Echinocystis (echinocystis) Echinopepon (balsam apple) Fevillea (fevillea) Hodgsonia (hodgsonia) Ibervillea (globeberry) Lagenaria (lagenaria) Luffa…

Crystalloids

General information Potassium and sodium salts are given intravenously in solutions to replace body fluids and electrolytes. Adverse reactions are rare and usually limited to the effects of overtransfusion. Microwave heating of crystalloid fluids has been recommended as a method of correcting hypothermia during resuscitation. Severe full-thickness burns and venous thrombosis occurred after infusion of over-heated crystalloid fluid in the management of a ruptured aortic aneurysm…

Cropropamide and crotetamide

General information Prethcamide is a mixture in equal parts by weight of cropropamide and crotethamide. It has similar actions to doxapram hydrochloride and has been used as a respiratory stimulant in humans as well as illicitly in racehorses [ ]. When crotetamide was given intravenously, the incidence of adverse reactions was 25% [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access…

Cromoglicate sodium

General information Cromoglicate disodium salt (cromoglicate sodium) is available as a powder for inhalation. Each capsule contains 20 mg. The usual dose is 1 capsule inhaled four times daily. It is also dispensed in a multidose-pressurized aerosol delivering 1 or 5 mg per actuation. A 1.0% nebulizer solution (20 mg dissolved in 2 ml of distilled water) is also available. It is nebulized over 15 minutes…

Cresols

See also Butylated hydroxytoluene General information Cresols are methylphenols in which the methyl group can be in the meta-, ortho-, or para- position. Orthocresol is 2-methylphenol, metacresol is 3-methylphenol, and paracresol is 4-methylphenol. Tricresol is 2,3,4-methylphenol. Several cresols are used as dyestuffs in pharmaceutical products, as chemical reagents, and elsewhere. They include bromocresol green [ ], bromocresol purple [ ], bromothymol blue [ ], cresol red…

Cremophor

General information Cremophor is a non-ionic solubilizer and emulsifier that is made by reacting ethylene oxide with castor oil [ ]. It is a pale yellow oily liquid consisting of a mixture of components, primarily polyethylene glycol conjugates. Fatty acid esters of polyethyleneglycol are also present, as well as hydrophilic polyethylene glycols and ethoxylated glycerol. It is present in intravenous formulations of the anticancer drugs teniposide…

COX-2 inhibitors (coxibs)

General information The cyclo-oxygenase (COX) that is responsible for prostaglandin synthesis exists in two isoforms, COX-1 and COX-2, which differ in their structure, regulation, expression, and function. COX-1 is expressed normally in a constant amount in almost all body tissues and produces prostaglandins important for the maintenance of normal homeostasis. In particular, among other important functions, they help to protect the gastrointestinal mucosa against ulceration and…

Coumarin anticoagulants

General information The coumarins were first discovered in Wisconsin, when bleeding in cattle was found to be due to the consumption of bruised sweet clover in the 1920s [ ]. The causative agent, dicoumarol, was isolated in 1940, and a range of related compounds was then synthesized, the most popular of which proved to be warfarin (named after the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation). Other coumarins that…

Coumarin

General information The plant lactone coumarin (not to be confused with coumarin anticoagulants) is a constituent of some plants [ ], including: Alyxia lucida ; Anthoxanthum odoratum (vanilla grass); Dalea tuberculata (silver prairie clover); Dipteryx odorata (tonka bean); Gallium odoratum (sweet woodruff); Hierochloe odorata (sweet grass); Levisticum officinale (lovage); Melilotus officinalis (yellow sweet clover); Scabiosa comosa (scabious); Verbascum spp (mullein); Cinnamomum aromaticum (cassia cinnamon); Panicum Clandestinum…