See also Antihistamines General information Cyproheptadine is a first-generation antihistamine with antiserotoninergic effects [ ]. It has been used because of its appetite-stimulating capacity. Drowsiness and other adverse effects common to the first-generation antihistamines are common. Organs and systems Nervous system A central anticholinergic syndrome with psychotic symptoms in a 9-year-old boy on therapeutic doses has also been described [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become…

See also Antituberculosis drugs General information Cycloserine is an aminoisoxazolidone that shows no cross-resistance with other tuberculostatic agents [ ]. Because of its high toxicity, it should only be used when micro-organisms are resistant to other drugs (relapse or primary resistance). It is usually given orally. Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become…

See also Anesthetics, general General information Cyclopropane is an inhalational anesthetic gas. Its minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) is 9.2%. Because of the risk of explosion, it is usually administered by closed circuit [ ]. Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating nitrogen mustard derivative mainly used in oncology patients [ ] or in conditioning regimens for bone marrow transplantation. Its immunosuppressant properties have been used in organ transplantation and more often in chronic inflammatory disorders or autoimmune diseases. Drug studies Observational studies Cyclophosphamide has been investigated in a wide range of diseases, but results in aplastic anemia and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis…

See also Anticholinergic drugs General information Cyclopentolate is an anticholinergic drug used in eye-drops as a mydriatic. It can cause both local [ ] and systemic adverse reactions [ , ]. Organs and systems Nervous system Seizures have occasionally been reported after the use of cyclopentolate [ ], as has dysarthria [ ], in one case accompanied by an inability to walk, disequilibrium, and disorientation in…

General information Cyclofenil is a weak non-steroidal compound related to diethylstilbestrol. It has two different actions on the hypothalamic–hypophyseal axis, an estrogen-like action that reduces serum FSH concentrations and an antiestrogen-like action that reduces serum prolactin concentrations [ ]. It has been used to induce ovulation [ ], to treat female normoprolactinemic infertility in combination with bromocriptine [ ], menopausal symptoms [ ], Raynaud’s phenomenon secondary…

General information Cyclobenzaprine is a centrally acting skeletal-muscle relaxant, claimed to be effective in providing relief of muscle spasm, pain and tenderness, and in reducing the limitations imposed thereby on normal daily activities. The recommended total oral daily dose is 10–30 mg [ ]. It is structurally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants and adverse effects similar to those seen with the tricyclic antidepressants are therefore to…

See also : Antihistamines General information Cyclizine is a first-generation antihistamine, a piperazine derivative, with sedative and antimuscarinic activity, although its sedative effects are not marked. Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Cyclazocine is an agonist at KOR(OP 2 , κ) opioid receptors and it is its affinity for these receptors that is thought to account for disruption of the normal sleep pattern, urination, and sustained arousal that it causes [ ]. Visual disturbances and racing thoughts have also been reported and are subject to tolerance [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree…

You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Cyanoacrylate (Histoacryl) is a tissue adhesive used in duraplasty. The sites at which it is used should be carefully chosen. Its adverse effects and reactions to it have been reviewed [ ]. Cyanoacrylates are also in use for embolization of arteriovenous malformations in the brain. The risk of this procedure is the creation of pulmonary emboli after acrylate glue injection, particularly when delivery systems…

See also Colophony General information The genera in the family of Cupressaceae ( Table 1 ) include cedar, cypress, and juniper. Allergy to the pollen from these plants is common and may be increasing in frequency [ , ]. Symptoms include rhinitis and asthma. Contact dermatitis can also occur. Some patients have an eosinophilia [ ] and there is T cell activation [ ]. Table 1…

General information Cuprammonium cellulose is a constituent of some dialysis membranes [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information The genera in the family of Cucurbitaceae ( Table 1 ) include cucumbers, gourds, and melons. Table 1 Genera of Cucurbitaceae Apodanthera (apodanthera) Benincasa (benincasa) Brandegea (starvine) Bryonia (bryony) Cayaponia (melonleaf) Citrullus (watermelon) Coccinia (coccinia) Ctenolepis (ctenolepis) Cucumis (melon) Cucumeropsis (cucumeropsis) Cucurbita (gourd) Cyclanthera (cyclanthera) Doyerea (doyeria) Ecballium (squirting cucumber) Echinocystis (echinocystis) Echinopepon (balsam apple) Fevillea (fevillea) Hodgsonia (hodgsonia) Ibervillea (globeberry) Lagenaria (lagenaria) Luffa…

General information Potassium and sodium salts are given intravenously in solutions to replace body fluids and electrolytes. Adverse reactions are rare and usually limited to the effects of overtransfusion. Microwave heating of crystalloid fluids has been recommended as a method of correcting hypothermia during resuscitation. Severe full-thickness burns and venous thrombosis occurred after infusion of over-heated crystalloid fluid in the management of a ruptured aortic aneurysm…

General information Prethcamide is a mixture in equal parts by weight of cropropamide and crotethamide. It has similar actions to doxapram hydrochloride and has been used as a respiratory stimulant in humans as well as illicitly in racehorses [ ]. When crotetamide was given intravenously, the incidence of adverse reactions was 25% [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access…

General information Cromoglicate disodium salt (cromoglicate sodium) is available as a powder for inhalation. Each capsule contains 20 mg. The usual dose is 1 capsule inhaled four times daily. It is also dispensed in a multidose-pressurized aerosol delivering 1 or 5 mg per actuation. A 1.0% nebulizer solution (20 mg dissolved in 2 ml of distilled water) is also available. It is nebulized over 15 minutes…

See also Butylated hydroxytoluene General information Cresols are methylphenols in which the methyl group can be in the meta-, ortho-, or para- position. Orthocresol is 2-methylphenol, metacresol is 3-methylphenol, and paracresol is 4-methylphenol. Tricresol is 2,3,4-methylphenol. Several cresols are used as dyestuffs in pharmaceutical products, as chemical reagents, and elsewhere. They include bromocresol green [ ], bromocresol purple [ ], bromothymol blue [ ], cresol red…

General information Cremophor is a non-ionic solubilizer and emulsifier that is made by reacting ethylene oxide with castor oil [ ]. It is a pale yellow oily liquid consisting of a mixture of components, primarily polyethylene glycol conjugates. Fatty acid esters of polyethyleneglycol are also present, as well as hydrophilic polyethylene glycols and ethoxylated glycerol. It is present in intravenous formulations of the anticancer drugs teniposide…