General information Dalbavancin (BI 397) is a semi-synthetic derivative of A40926, a glycopeptide with a structure related to that of teicoplanin [ , ]. Dalbavancin is more active against Streptococcus pneumoniae than conventional glycopeptides are, and its activity against Staphylococcus aureus is also substantially better. However, it is not more active than teicoplanin against enterococci harboring the VanA phenotype of resistance to glycopeptides. Dalbavancin is also…

See also Cytotoxic and immunosuppressant drugs General information Dactinomycin (actinomycin D) is used to treat cancers in children, in particular Wilms’ tumor. It has similar adverse effects to doxorubicin. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Monoclonal antibodies General information Daclizumab, a humanized antibody directed against the alfa chain of the interleukin-2 receptor, has been used for initial immunosuppression in transplant patients. In a phase III trial in 275 patients who received ciclosporin, glucocorticoids, and daclizumab or placebo, there were no specific adverse effects associated with daclizumab [ ]. In particular, the cytokine-release syndrome did not occur, and there was…

See also Cytotoxic and immunosuppressant drugs General information Dacarbazine is converted to an active metabolite that is thought to be an alkylating agent. It has been used to treat metastatic melanoma and, in combination regimens, soft-tissue sarcomas and Hodgkin’s disease. Temozolomide is structurally related to dacarbazine and is thought to act via the same active metabolite. It has been used to treat malignant gliomas and malignant…

General information Dabigatran etexilate is a prodrug of dabigatran, a specific, competitive, reversible inhibitor of thrombin. Dabigatran etexilate is rapidly absorbed after oral administration and converted to dabigatran. Its half-life is about 8 hours after a single dose and 14–17 hours after multiple doses. It is cleared renally. Its pharmacology has been reviewed [ , ]. Drug studies Comparative studies You’re Reading a Preview Become a…

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See also Alkylating cytostatic agents—nitrosoureas and N -lost derivatives ; Platinum-containing cytostatic drugs General information Cytotoxic drugs generally have both anticancer and immunosuppressive properties, while immunosuppressant drugs have more specific immunosuppressive effects, although this is a somewhat arbitrary distinction. Monoclonal antibodies and corticosteroids are not included in the following list. A. Cytotoxic drugs 1. Alkylating drugs Nitrosoureas : carmustine (BCNU), lomustine (CCNU), nimustine (ACNU), streptozocin. N-lost…

See also Cytotoxic and immunosuppressant drugs General information Cytarabine is a pyrimidine nucleoside that is used to treat acute myelogenous leukemia and lymphocytic leukemias. It is activated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to phosphorylated nucleotides that interfere with DNA synthesis in the S phase of the cell, and is rapidly deaminated intracellularly to the inactive metabolite uracil arabinoside. Organs and systems Respiratory Two cases of respiratory failure…

See also Antihistamines General information Cyproheptadine is a first-generation antihistamine with antiserotoninergic effects [ ]. It has been used because of its appetite-stimulating capacity. Drowsiness and other adverse effects common to the first-generation antihistamines are common. Organs and systems Nervous system A central anticholinergic syndrome with psychotic symptoms in a 9-year-old boy on therapeutic doses has also been described [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become…

See also Antituberculosis drugs General information Cycloserine is an aminoisoxazolidone that shows no cross-resistance with other tuberculostatic agents [ ]. Because of its high toxicity, it should only be used when micro-organisms are resistant to other drugs (relapse or primary resistance). It is usually given orally. Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become…

See also Anesthetics, general General information Cyclopropane is an inhalational anesthetic gas. Its minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) is 9.2%. Because of the risk of explosion, it is usually administered by closed circuit [ ]. Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating nitrogen mustard derivative mainly used in oncology patients [ ] or in conditioning regimens for bone marrow transplantation. Its immunosuppressant properties have been used in organ transplantation and more often in chronic inflammatory disorders or autoimmune diseases. Drug studies Observational studies Cyclophosphamide has been investigated in a wide range of diseases, but results in aplastic anemia and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis…

See also Anticholinergic drugs General information Cyclopentolate is an anticholinergic drug used in eye-drops as a mydriatic. It can cause both local [ ] and systemic adverse reactions [ , ]. Organs and systems Nervous system Seizures have occasionally been reported after the use of cyclopentolate [ ], as has dysarthria [ ], in one case accompanied by an inability to walk, disequilibrium, and disorientation in…

General information Cyclofenil is a weak non-steroidal compound related to diethylstilbestrol. It has two different actions on the hypothalamic–hypophyseal axis, an estrogen-like action that reduces serum FSH concentrations and an antiestrogen-like action that reduces serum prolactin concentrations [ ]. It has been used to induce ovulation [ ], to treat female normoprolactinemic infertility in combination with bromocriptine [ ], menopausal symptoms [ ], Raynaud’s phenomenon secondary…

General information Cyclobenzaprine is a centrally acting skeletal-muscle relaxant, claimed to be effective in providing relief of muscle spasm, pain and tenderness, and in reducing the limitations imposed thereby on normal daily activities. The recommended total oral daily dose is 10–30 mg [ ]. It is structurally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants and adverse effects similar to those seen with the tricyclic antidepressants are therefore to…

See also : Antihistamines General information Cyclizine is a first-generation antihistamine, a piperazine derivative, with sedative and antimuscarinic activity, although its sedative effects are not marked. Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Cyclazocine is an agonist at KOR(OP 2 , κ) opioid receptors and it is its affinity for these receptors that is thought to account for disruption of the normal sleep pattern, urination, and sustained arousal that it causes [ ]. Visual disturbances and racing thoughts have also been reported and are subject to tolerance [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree…

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General information Cyanoacrylate (Histoacryl) is a tissue adhesive used in duraplasty. The sites at which it is used should be carefully chosen. Its adverse effects and reactions to it have been reviewed [ ]. Cyanoacrylates are also in use for embolization of arteriovenous malformations in the brain. The risk of this procedure is the creation of pulmonary emboli after acrylate glue injection, particularly when delivery systems…