General information Dichlorophen is an antihelminthic drug that was used in the treatment of tapeworm infections but has been superseded by praziquantel and niclosamide. It also has antifungal and antibacterial activity and has been used topically in the treatment of fungal infections and as a germicide in soaps and cosmetics [ ]. During the first few hours after taking a single oral dose one-third of patients…

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General information Dibromopropamidine in a cream base is used to treat herpesvirus skin lesions. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Dibenzepin is a 6,7,6 tricyclic compound of the dibenzodiazepine type. A comparison with imipramine was said to show equal efficacy; adverse reactions were comparable in type and degree [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Diazoxide is a direct vasodilator that acts on vascular smooth muscle to produce systemic vasodilatation. As a result there is baroreceptor-mediated activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin–angiotensin system. Vasodilators (as monotherapy) are associated acutely with flushing, headache, dizziness, reflex tachycardia, and palpitation. Chronic treatment can be complicated by fluid retention. Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree…

General information Diazepam produces less sedation in cigarette smokers, and higher doses may be required for the same sedative or anxiolytic effect. Owing in part to its continued widespread use, several unusual adverse effects of diazepam continue to be reported. These include cases of urinary retention and compartment syndrome, which are not explicable by its pharmacology. On the other hand, accumulation of diazepam and attendant complications…

General information Heroin is a potent opioid that offers no substantial advantages over morphine. In the UK it is the preferred parenteral opioid for subcutaneous administration to cachectic cancer patients, because of its high solubility. The prevalence of heroin as a drug of abuse has been reviewed [ ]. There are over 1 million heroin addicts in the USA. The lifetime prevalence among those aged 12–25…

General information Diaminopyridine (3,4-diaminopyridine), now also known as amifampridine, blocks calcium-dependent potassium channels and prolongs the duration of the action potential at motor nerve terminals; this enhances calcium influx into nerve endings and causes release of acetylcholine [ ]. It has been used to treat Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome in patients with no other treatment alternatives [ , ]. Adverse reactions that have been reported include anxiety,…

General information Dialysis fluids are solutions of electrolytes formulated in concentrations similar to those of extracellular fluid or plasma. They contain, or may contain: sodium; chloride; bicarbonate or lactate; calcium; magnesium; potassium; glucose; amino acids; icodextrin. Dialysis fluids are provided in a sterile concentrated form for dilution with water before use; the water used need not be sterile. Icodextrin Icodextrin (rINN) is a maltodextrin glucose polymer…

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General information The most frequent adverse reactions to dextropropoxyphene are dizziness, sedation, and nausea and vomiting. Other reported reactions include constipation, abdominal pain, skin rashes, light-headedness, headache, weakness, euphoria, dysphoria, minor reversible visual disturbances, and liver dysfunction [ ]. A systematic review of single-dose dextropropoxyphene for postoperative pain identified 130 published articles [ ]. Of these, 11 placebo-controlled studies met the inclusion criteria for the review,…

General information Dextromethorphan is the dextrorotatory isomer of the synthetic opioid levorphanol [ ]. It is a non-competitive antagonist at N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptors. It also binds to CNS sigma opioid binding sites [2] and increases 5-HT concentrations by inhibiting the uptake of 5-HT and by enhancing its release [ ]. It is antitussive and has antihyperalgesic effects. Dextromethorphan is metabolized by CYP2D6 to…

General information Dextrans are mixtures of polymerized glucose molecules, mostly alpha-1,6-glucans, of variable molecular weight from 1 to 110 kDa. Infused dextran is mainly eliminated unmodified by the kidney at a rate of 50% in the first 24 hours and 20% in the following 48 hours. The remaining 30%, which is made up of the molecules with the highest molecular weights, is partly eliminated by the…

General information The α 2 -adrenoceptor agonist dexmedetomidine has potent sedative and analgesic-sparing properties. In therapeutic doses it does not cause respiratory depression, making it attractive for infusion sedation. However, it causes reduced sympathetic outflow, which might cause untoward hemodynamic upset but might also have beneficial β-adrenoceptor antagonist-like action in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access…

General information Dexloxiglumide is a cholecystokinin CCK 1 receptor antagonist [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information See also Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Dexketoprofen is the dextrorotatory stereoisomer of ketoprofen. The analgesic effect of ketoprofen is due to the S(+)-enantiomer (dexketoprofen), while the R(−)-enantiomer has no analgesic activity [ ] but may be ulcerogenic [ ]. Thus, dexketoprofen should produce equivalent analgesia to twice the dose of ketoprofen, but with less risk of gastrointestinal damage. Pharmacokinetics Dexketoprofen is formulated as the…

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General information Dexibuprofen is the dextrorotatory isomer of ibuprofen. Clinical experience is still inadequate to judge its safety profile, although there are claims that it is of comparable safety to celecoxib [ ]. Pharmacokinetics The pharmacokinetics of dexibuprofen 400 mg and ibuprofen arginate 600 mg have been compared in 24 healthy volunteers in an open, randomized, two-period, crossover study [ ]. Ibuprofen arginate had a 45%…

See also Antihistamines General information Dexchlorpheniramine maleate [ ] is the dextrorotatory isomer of chlorphenamine. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here