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Dimercaprol

General information Dimercaprol or British Anti-Lewisite (BAL) was originally developed to counteract arsenic-containing war gases [ ]. It is now used for the treatment of poisoning with heavy metals, such as arsenic, gold, lead, or mercury, and is administered by intramuscular injection. Its adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, a burning sensation in the mouth, throat, eyes, and sometimes limbs, muscle pain and spasms, lacrimation, rhinorrhea, and…

Dimenhydrinate

See also Antihistamines General information Dimenhydrinate consists of two drugs: diphenhydramine, an ethanolamine, and 8-chlorotheophylline, a xanthine derivative that reduces the sedating properties of diphenhydramine. It is used as an antihistamine. Organs and systems Cardiovascular The typical electrocardiographic changes of Brugada syndrome appeared during infusion of dimenhydrinate in a patient with labyrinthitis; the same changes were later reproduced with intravenous flecainide, confirming the diagnosis of Brugada…

Diltiazem

See also Calcium channel blockers General information Diltiazem is a benzthiazepine calcium channel blocker. Organs and systems Cardiovascular Diltiazem can be associated with heart block [ , ]. In a randomized trial in patients with non-Q-wave myocardial infarction, 38 of 287 patients who took diltiazem developed some degree of atrioventricular block at some time. Of these episodes, 32 were first-degree, eight were second-degree, and only two…

Dihydrocodeine

See also Opioid receptor agonists General information Dihydrocodeine is an opioid analgesic related to codeine, in which the double bond in the seventh position is saturated. It is about one-tenth as potent as morphine and 2–3 times more potent than codeine. It is similar to codeine in other respects. The most common adverse reactions are nausea, vomiting, and drowsiness [ , ]. Drug studies Comparative studies…

Diftalone

General information Diftalone was an anti-inflammatory drug that was as effective in rheumatoid arthritis as indometacin [ ] and phenylbutazone [ ]. However, because of hepatotoxicity and carcinogenicity (hepatoma) in preclinical studies and hemotoxicity and gastrointestinal adverse effects in humans, diftalone was withdrawn by its manufacturer [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership…

Difetarsone

General information Difetarsone is a pentavalent arsenical that has been used to treat infestations with nematodes such as Trichuris trichiura (threadworm) [ ] and Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) [ ], and amebic dysentery [ ]. It often causes minor adverse reactions, such as rashes, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal discomfort. Transient increases in aminotransferase activities can occur [ ]. Drug studies You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical…

Diethylstilbestrol

General information For a complete account of the adverse effects of estrogens, readers should consult the following monographs as well as this one: Estrogens; Hormonal contraceptives—emergency contraception; Hormonal contraceptives—oral; Hormone replacement therapy—estrogens; Hormone replacement therapy—estrogens + androgens; Hormone replacement therapy—estrogens + progestogens. Diethylstilbestrol and other non-steroidal estrogens came into vogue at a time when the cost of producing steroidal estrogens, whether synthetic or of natural origin,…

Diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid

General information Diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA) is a chelating agent that has been used in radiolabeled form as a tracer. It has been used in the following combinations: DTPA: to assess iron body stores [ ]; 111 indium-DTPA: to label proteins, such as albumin [ ] and monoclonal antibodies [ ], for the radiodetection of cancers; 99m technetium-DTPA: for scanning organs such as the kidneys […

Diethylcarbamazine

General information Diethylcarbamazine is an antihelminthic drug used in the treatment of filarial infections, in particular for Loa Loa infections and lymphatic filariasis caused by Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi . With some infecting species it is effective in both the adult and microfilarial stages, whilst with others it is active only against the microfilarial stages and does not eradicate the infection. It can be associated…

Diethyl sebacate

General information Diethyl sebacate is an emulsifier used in cosmetics and topical medicaments. In contrast to the emulsifying agents stearyl alcohol, stearic acid, and glyceryl stearate, diethyl sebacate is considered to be a rare sensitizer. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Didanosine

See also Nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) General information Didanosine (2′,3′-dideoxyinosine, ddI) is a purine analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor. The major clinical adverse effects reported during the first years of use of didanosine were acute pancreatitis and a painful neuropathic syndrome (due to a peripheral neuropathy), which appeared to be related to both dosage and cumulative dose [ ]. However, the incidence of acute pancreatitis…

Dicycloverine

See also Anticholinergic drugs ; Doxylamine General information Dicycloverine, in the doses generally used (up to 450 mg/day), is of disputed value. It may have a non-specific relaxant action on the gastrointestinal muscle. The evidence of its effects is meager and it seems to be an anticholinergic drug that which has been promoted in doses that are often too low to result in either a useful…

Diclofenac

General information The overall incidence of adverse reactions to diclofenac is about 30%, but less than 1% of patients have to have treatment withdrawn for this reason. The manufacturers’ analysis of 1966 adverse effects in 987 patients over about 6 years, when over 30 million patients had been treated, provided some interesting quantitative data. Of the total number of adverse reactions, 34% were gastrointestinal and 16%…