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Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors

See also individual agents General information Sitagliptin ([2R]-4-oxo-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydro(1,2,4)triazolo(4,3-a)pyrazin-7(8H)-yl]-1-[2,4,5-trifluorophenyl]butan-2-amine) [ ] was the first inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase type 4 (DPP-4) to have received a licence in the UK (in 2007). Other are linagliptin, saxagliptin, and vildagliptin. DPP-4 is an enzyme that is involved in the rapid metabolism of incretins, such as glucagon-like peptide. Inhibitors of DPP-4 therefore extend the action of incretins. The incretins increase glucose-dependent…

Diosmin and hidrosmin

Agathosma betulina (buchu) contains diosmin (also known as venosmine), a bioflavonoid, and a synthetic form of diosmin is also available. Hidrosmin is 3',5-di-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)diosmin. Diosmin is marketed as Daflon and Detralex, which contain 90% diosmin plus 10% hesperidin, a flavanone glycoside found in citrus fruits. Uses Diosmin and hidrosmin have been used to treat the pain and bleeding of hemorrhoids [ , ], in chronic venous disease…

Dinoprostone

See also Prostaglandins General information Dinoprostone is PGE 2 available for exogenous administration. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Dinitrochlorobenzene

General information Dinitrochlorobenzene is a potent sensitizer that has been applied topically in the evaluation of delayed hypersensitivity. It has also been used as an immunostimulant in conditions such as leprosy, HIV infection, and some forms of cancer, and to treat alopecia and warts. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a…

Dimethyltryptamine

General information Dimethyltryptamine is a psychedelic drug [ , ]. It can be smoked, inhaled, injected, or used as an enema. It is inactive by mouth, except when there is inhibition of gut monoamine oxidase (MAO type A). Its effects are similar to those of lysergide [ , ]. The derivative 5-methoxy- N , N -dimethyltryptamine has similar actions. Both compounds are found in various plants…

Dimethylsulfoxide

General information Dimethylsulfoxide is an agent with a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects, including membrane penetration, anti-inflammatory effects, local analgesia, and weak bacteriostasis. The principal use of dimethylsulfoxide is as a vehicle for other drugs, thereby enhancing the effect of the drug, and aiding penetration of other drugs into the skin. Dimethylsulfoxide has been given orally, intravenously, or topically for a wide range of indications. It…

Dimercaprol

General information Dimercaprol or British Anti-Lewisite (BAL) was originally developed to counteract arsenic-containing war gases [ ]. It is now used for the treatment of poisoning with heavy metals, such as arsenic, gold, lead, or mercury, and is administered by intramuscular injection. Its adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, a burning sensation in the mouth, throat, eyes, and sometimes limbs, muscle pain and spasms, lacrimation, rhinorrhea, and…

Dimenhydrinate

See also Antihistamines General information Dimenhydrinate consists of two drugs: diphenhydramine, an ethanolamine, and 8-chlorotheophylline, a xanthine derivative that reduces the sedating properties of diphenhydramine. It is used as an antihistamine. Organs and systems Cardiovascular The typical electrocardiographic changes of Brugada syndrome appeared during infusion of dimenhydrinate in a patient with labyrinthitis; the same changes were later reproduced with intravenous flecainide, confirming the diagnosis of Brugada…

Diltiazem

See also Calcium channel blockers General information Diltiazem is a benzthiazepine calcium channel blocker. Organs and systems Cardiovascular Diltiazem can be associated with heart block [ , ]. In a randomized trial in patients with non-Q-wave myocardial infarction, 38 of 287 patients who took diltiazem developed some degree of atrioventricular block at some time. Of these episodes, 32 were first-degree, eight were second-degree, and only two…

Dihydrocodeine

See also Opioid receptor agonists General information Dihydrocodeine is an opioid analgesic related to codeine, in which the double bond in the seventh position is saturated. It is about one-tenth as potent as morphine and 2–3 times more potent than codeine. It is similar to codeine in other respects. The most common adverse reactions are nausea, vomiting, and drowsiness [ , ]. Drug studies Comparative studies…

Diftalone

General information Diftalone was an anti-inflammatory drug that was as effective in rheumatoid arthritis as indometacin [ ] and phenylbutazone [ ]. However, because of hepatotoxicity and carcinogenicity (hepatoma) in preclinical studies and hemotoxicity and gastrointestinal adverse effects in humans, diftalone was withdrawn by its manufacturer [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership…

Difetarsone

General information Difetarsone is a pentavalent arsenical that has been used to treat infestations with nematodes such as Trichuris trichiura (threadworm) [ ] and Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) [ ], and amebic dysentery [ ]. It often causes minor adverse reactions, such as rashes, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal discomfort. Transient increases in aminotransferase activities can occur [ ]. Drug studies You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical…