General information Enflurane is a non-explosive halogenated volatile anesthetic that was first marketed in 1966. It was developed in the search for agents safer than halothane and methoxyflurane [ ]. However, the list of its halothane-like adverse effects has continued to grow. Organs and systems Cardiovascular Despite conflicting results, enflurane is generally considered to have little effect on the cardiovascular system. Cardiac output was mildly influenced…

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General information Encainide is a class I antidysrhythmic drug. Reviews of its clinical pharmacology, clinical use, efficacy, and adverse effects have appeared [ ]. Organs and systems Cardiovascular In the wake of the preliminary and final reports of the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) [ , ], which showed that there was an increased risk of death among patients who took encainide and flecainide after myocardial…

See also Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors General information Enalapril is an ACE inhibitor used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure and prophylactically in patients with asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction. Organs and systems Cardiovascular Of all studies of the effects of ACE inhibitors on mortality in acute myocardial infarction, only the CONSENSUS II trial did not show a positive effect. In this trial enalaprilat was infused…

General information Enadoline is an opioid agonist at KOR (OP2, κ) receptors and has no effects attributable to MOR (OP3, μ) receptor actions, such as respiratory depression. However, enadoline does not offer any benefits over other currently available opioids. In a comparison of enadoline with morphine 10 mg enadoline 25 micrograms produced similar pain relief to morphine 10 mg, although of shorter duration; however, enadoline was…

See also Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) General information Emtricitabine is nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) used in the treatment of HIV General adverse effects and adverse reactions The most common adverse events during the use of regimens containing emtricitabine in combination with tenofovir and efavirenz were dizziness (8%), nausea (8–9%), diarrhea (7–8%), fatigue (7–8%), depression (4–7%), headache (5%), rash (5%), insomnia (4–5%), and hyperpigmentation (3%).…

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See also : Anticholinergic drugs General information Emepronium bromide is an anticholinergic drug. Doses of 200 mg tds (sometimes with a double dose in the evenings) are useful in relieving urinary frequency. It causes the expected milder anticholinergic adverse effects. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Antihistamines General information Emedastine is a potent second-generation antihistamine with proven efficacy in allergic conjunctivitis [ ]. Drug studies You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Eflornithine is a specific irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, the enzyme involved in the first step of mammalian polyamine biosynthesis [ ]. Decarboxylation of ornithine is an obligatory and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of polyamines, such as putrescine, spermidine, and spermine. These low molecular weight polyamines play an essential role in the growth, differentiation, and replication of the cell by participating in nucleic…

See also Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) General information Efavirenz is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with excellent inhibitory activity against HIV-1. Its most frequent adverse effects involve the central nervous system and the skin [ ]. At the start of therapy, dizziness, insomnia, or fatigue is observed in most patients, and headache and even psychotic reactions have also been observed. A maculopapular rash is seen…

General information Efalizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that inhibits T cell activation by binding to lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), the alpha subunit of CD11a, and consequently inhibits T-cell activation [ ]. LFA-1 binds to intracellular adhesion molecule-1, an important step in the migration of T lymphocytes through vascular endothelium during inflammation. Efalizumab has been used in the treatment of chronic moderate to severe plaque-type psoriasis…

See also : Monoclonal antibodies General information Edrecolomab (17–1A antibody), a mouse monoclonal antibody, has been used in the adjuvant treatment of colorectal cancer. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Edetic acid is a metal chelator. The effect of an intravenous dose of 1 g of calcium disodium edetate on the urinary excretion on the elements aluminium, boron, barium, calcium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, potassium, silicon, sodium, strontium, sulphur, and zinc was measured in healthy volunteers. The ratio of the increase of urinary elimination was about two for iron, five for aluminium,…

General information The echinocandins are a class of semisynthetic antifungal lipopeptides that are structurally characterized by a cyclic hexapeptide core linked to a variably configured lipid side chain. The echinocandins act by non-competitive inhibition of the synthesis of 1,3-α- d -glucan, a major polysaccharide component of the cell wall of many pathogenic fungi, which plays a key role in cell division and cell growth and is…

General information Ecabet is an anti-ulcer agent that works by irreversibly inhibiting urease and ATPase in Helicobacter pylori under acidic conditions [ , ]. It may also impair bacterial adhesion to gastric epithelia [ ]. It has bactericidal activity against clarithromycin- and metronidazole-resistant strains of clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori [ ]. It has been used in combination with other drugs to eradicate Helicobacter pylori ,…

See also Antihistamines General information Ebastine is a second-generation antihistamine with proven efficacy in the treatment of allergic disease [ ]. It is rapidly absorbed after oral administration, and undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism by CYP3A4 to its active carboxylic acid metabolite, carebastine. Organs and systems Cardiovascular Cardiac effects were reported from early experimental work using very high doses of ebastine, but they are not believed to…

See also Antiandrogens General information Dutasteride (Avodart®) inhibits both types 1 and 2 and is approved for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in a dose of 0.5 mg It is about three times more potent than finasteride at inhibiting 5α-reductase type 2 and more than 100 times more potent at inhibiting type 1. Of 416 subjects, 11 withdrew because adverse events including mild to…

General information Duloxetine is an antidepressant that inhibits the reuptake of both serotonin (5HT) and noradrenaline [ ]. Drug studies Placebo-controlled studies In a placebo-controlled study of 1491 patients nausea was more frequent in those who took duloxetine (30% versus 7.1%) and weight loss was significantly greater; all of those who withdrew because of an adverse event were taking duloxetine (22%) [ ]. Systematic reviews In…

General information The genera in the family of Dryopteraceae ( Table 1 ) include various types of fern. Table 1 Genera of Dryopteraceae Arachniodes (holly fern) Athyrium (ladyfern) Bolbitis (creeping fern) Ctenitis (lacefern) Cyclopeltis (cyclopeltis) Cyrtomium (netvein hollyfern) Cystopteris (bladderfern) Deparia (false spleenwort) Diplazium (twinsorus fern) Dryopteris (wood fern) Elaphoglossum (tongue fern) Fadyenia (dotted fern) Gymnocarpium (oak fern) Hemidictyum (hemidictyum) Hypoderris (hypoderris) Lastreopsis (shield fern) Lomagramma…