Melanocytic nevi are a common finding in children. By age 10 years, the mean nevus count among white children is 10–30 and 5–10 among African, Asian, and Native American children. These lesions are frequently encountered by pediatricians and can be…
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common form of soft tissue sarcoma, accounting for 5% of all childhood cancers. It is the third most common pediatric extracranial solid tumor after Wilms tumor and neuroblastoma. RMS is a malignant tumor of mesenchymal…
Lymphomas are a result of chromosomal alterations resulting in the uncontrolled growth of cells of lymphoid origin. In children, lymphomas are the third most common type of cancer, accounting for 11% of new diagnoses under the age of 15 and…
Teratomas Teratomas are generally divided into gonadal and extragonadal types. This chapter focuses on those in extragonadal locations, the most common being sacrococcygeal teratomas (SCT). Embryology and Pathology Teratoma, from the Greek teratos (“of the monster”) and onkoma (“swelling”), is…
Hepatic tumors in children are relatively rare. The most common malignant hepatic neoplasms are not primary tumors but rather metastatic lesions such as Wilms tumor, lymphoma, and neuroblastoma (NB). Primary liver tumors make up 1–4% of all solid tumors in…
Neuroblastoma is the most common solid extracranial malignancy of childhood and the most common malignant tumor in infants. The overall incidence of neuroblastoma is 1 per 100,000 children in the United States, thereby accounting for 7–10% of all malignancies diagnosed…
Renal tumors are the second most common abdominal tumor seen in infants and children behind neuroblastoma. They represent a wide spectrum from benign to extremely malignant tumors ( Box 64.1 ). These tumors include Wilms tumor (WT) (also referred to…
The significant improvement in cure rates for pediatric malignancies over the past 30 years could not have occurred without the development of multimodality therapy and the cooperative efforts of surgeons, pediatric oncologists, and radiation oncologists. In the 1940s, with the…
Differences of sexual development (DSD), congenital conditions in which the development of the infant/child’s chromosomal, gonadal, and anatomic sex are atypical, are among the most fascinating conditions confronting the pediatric urologist, gynecologist, and surgeon. Our understanding of these conditions and…
Prune belly syndrome (PBS), also named Eagle-Barrett syndrome, is a rare multisystem congenital disorder with a triad presentation of urinary tract dilation, deficient abdominal wall musculature ( Fig. 61.1 ), and bilateral undescended testes. Frohlich (1839) first described the distinct…