Circumcision (removal of the redundant prepuce) is one of the most frequently performed surgical procedures in the world. There is a wide variability in the rate of circumcision among different populations. A lack of consensus regarding the function of the…
Hypospadias is the second most common congenital abnormality of the genitourinary tract in males after cryptorchidism. It is characterized by a urethral meatus that opens on the ventral surface of the penis proximal to the end of the glans. The…
The exstrophy–epispadias complex (EEC) is a spectrum of embryologic abnormalities. Diagnoses within the EEC range in severity from those involving only one organ to others that are a part of a larger complex of defects. The spectrum includes: ▪ Epispadias—the…
Posterior urethral valves (PUVs) are the most common cause of lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO) in boys, with an incidence of 1 in 5000–8000 male births. Although the majority of boys with PUV are diagnosed antenatally, approximately one-third will be…
The bladder and urethra normally function as a coordinated unit to store and discharge urine from the body. Both structural and functional disorders of the bladder or urethra can be responsible for bleeding, incontinence, infection, discomfort, pain, and obstruction that…
Acknowledgments We thank Dr. Andrew J. Kirsch of Georgia Urology for the use of his video on the Deflux injection procedure and Dr. Charles Concodora and Dr. Paul Noh of Cincinnati Children’s Hospital for the use of their video of…
Hydronephrosis and ureteral malformations are among the most common anomalies in the urinary tract in children. Many of these conditions are now detected prenatally. Urinary tract dilation is present in 1 in 100 fetuses, but significant uropathy is found in…
Anomalies of renal formation and position result in interesting radiographs, but their clinical importance lies in their associated conditions. For example, the multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) often involutes, yet the initial evaluation needs to determine if the contralateral kidney is…
The term acute scrotum is defined as sudden onset scrotal pain with or without swelling and erythema. Early recognition and prompt management are imperative because of the possibility of testicular torsion as the etiology with permanent ischemic damage to the…
Undescended Testes Normal testicular descent relies on a complex interplay of numerous factors. Any deviation from the normal process can result in a cryptorchid or undescended testis (UDT) ( Fig. 51.1 ). UDT is a common abnormality that can have…