▪ Introduction Congenital heart and vascular diseases are relatively uncommon malformations of the heart or great vessels that occur during embryologic development. With advances in medical and surgical treatments, most patients survive into adulthood, and it is imperative for the…
▪ Introduction CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) to assess for pulmonary embolism (PE) makes up the lion's share of most radiologists’ exposure to the pulmonary vascular system and is the focus of this chapter. The pulmonary vascular anatomy is detailed because…
■ Introduction Certain diffuse lung diseases are associated with high- or low-attenuation lesions. High-attenuation lesions are most often due to calcium deposition from a variety of mechanisms, but can also be due to the accumulation of other radiopaque substances such…
Introduction and Background Although different in appearances on imaging, radiation and drug-induced lung diseases share several similarities. Both entities may present with a variety of appearances, both in the acute and subacute or chronic settings, and require a high level…
Introduction Cystic lung diseases present a considerable diagnostic challenge mainly because CT findings can be similar in many of these diseases. In addition, a number of pulmonary abnormalities can result in cystic patterns that mimic true lung cysts. However, the…
Introduction Collagen vascular diseases (CVDs) are a heterogeneous group of immunologically mediated inflammatory disorders that may involve various organs. They often affect the lungs, mediastinum, and pleura, but the frequency of pulmonary involvement varies according to the specific disease. Additionally,…
Introduction Eosinophilic lung diseases are characterized by the presence of pulmonary opacities and peripheral blood eosinophilia, tissue eosinophilia, or both. Eosinophils are leukocytes that are involved in immune defense and various inflammatory processes. They decrease hypersensitivity reactions by reducing the…
Introduction Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is an immunologically mediated lung disease that occurs in susceptible sensitized individuals following inhalational exposure to antigenic organic dust. As such, the antigenic material must be small enough to deposit in the bronchioles and penetrate the alveoli,…
Introduction In many ways, the challenges related to occupational and environmental lung disease imaging reflect the challenges for all of radiology. The best imaging interpretation relies heavily on the appropriate imaging selection for the particular indication and access to patient…
Introduction Interstitial lung disease (ILD) refers to a broad category of diffuse parenchymal lung diseases characterized by inflammation and/or fibrosis of the lungs. Patients invariably present with dyspnea of varying time course and severity. Patients are often hypoxemic, and pulmonary…