Sports Orthoses Foot orthoses—also commonly called orthotics, arch supports, and inserts—have been applied to the treatment of pathologic musculoskeletal conditions for more than a century. The term foot orthosis refers to any orthotic device that is distal to the ankle.…
Historically, the ankle joint was believed to be unsuitable for arthroscopy because intra-articular access of this joint is narrow. Tagaki and later Watanabe described techniques and pioneered the use of arthroscopy in the examination of the ankle. Compared with open…
Introduction Athletes may suffer from chronic lower limb pain, which could be caused by peripheral nerve entrapment. Compared with other problems of the lower limb, this entity is quite rare, with a heterogeneous group of nerve disorders and multiple, sometimes…
Exertional leg pain (ELP) is a common problem encountered in recreational and competitive athletes. Although its incidence in the general population is unknown, ELP is thought to affect between 12.8% and 82.4% of athletes. Specifically, at least 45% of runners…
Radiographs Radiographs are often the initial imaging study performed for any patient presenting with a problem related to the foot and ankle. Radiographs are clearly beneficial when evaluating for suspected arthritis, osteonecrosis, tumors, nonunion, or trauma. In addition, the alignment…
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The relationship between the joints, ligaments, tendons, and fascia of the foot, ankle, and lower extremity allows weight-bearing athletes to perform extraordinary feats of power, speed, and endurance. In this chapter, motion of various foot and ankle segments (kinematics) and…
The most common sources of pain and dysfunction in the lower limb of an athlete are musculoskeletal in origin; however, vascular pathology may also present with similar symptoms. Sports that involve frequent repetitive joint motion or high-impact collisions have the…
Full range of motion (ROM) in the knee joint is critical for optimal function. A slight loss of knee motion can limit function and cause pain, and a more severe loss will lead to significant impairment and disability. For optimum…
The patellar and quadriceps tendons along with the patella make up the extensor mechanism of the knee. Disease of the extensor mechanism tendons ranges from tendinopathy to complete rupture. Tendinopathies commonly affect healthy athletes secondary to chronic overuse, but they…