Pocketbook of Differential Diagnosis

Mouth ulcers

Mouth ulceration is common but it is important to be able to distinguish between simple benign ulcers (e.g. traumatic or aphthous) and those that are malignant. Tongue disorders are dealt with on p. 431. Causes ● Traumatic ● Aphthous (…

Melaena

Melaena is the passage of altered blood per rectum (PR). A melaena stool is black and tarry and has a characteristic smell. The blood is degraded by hydrochloric acid and intestinal enzymes high in the gastrointestinal tract. Melaena is unlikely…

Lymphadenopathy

Lymphadenopathy is a common presenting condition. It may be localised or generalised. The causes are multiple but a careful history and clinical examination will often simplify the diagnosis. Lymphadenopathy, especially cervical, is extremely common in children who are otherwise healthy.…

Leg swellings

Swelling of the lower limb may be unilateral or bilateral. Bilateral swellings are usually due to medical conditions such as cardiac, renal or hepatic failure. Unilateral swellings are commonly due to trauma, venous disease or lymphatic disease. Causes Local You’re…

Leg pain

This section deals with causes of pain arising from local lesions within the leg, or referred into the leg. Pain in the leg is a common complaint and the majority of cases are of vascular or orthopaedic origin. Joint problems…

Kidney swellings

Kidney swellings are common. They may present silently or may be associated with haematuria, urinary tract infections and pyrexia. Causes Congenital ● Polycystic kidney Acquired Infective ● Perinephric abscess ● TB • (common where TB is endemic) You’re Reading a…