See also Anorectic drugs General information Reports on the frequency of adverse reactions to amfepramone are not entirely consistent. The number of adverse effects reported by patients taking amfepramone closely paralleled the number in those taking placebo in one study in 90 obese individuals. In another 16-week controlled study in 95 subjects who took amfepramone 25 mg tds, the main adverse effect was nervousness. In 121…

See also Endothelin receptor antagonists General information Ambrisentan is an endothelin receptor antagonist that has been investigated in the treatment of idiopathic and secondary pulmonary hypertension [ ]. It is a propionic acid-based selective antagonist at endothelin type A (ET A ) receptors. It is licensed for the treatment of some types of pulmonary hypertension under specialist supervision. Raised liver enzymes have been seen with bosentan…

See also Herbal medicines Genera in the family of Amaryllidaceae ( Table 1 ) include the lily genus ( Allium ). This family includes genera that previously belonged to the family of Alliaceae. Table 1 Genera of Amaryllidaceae Allium (lily, onion, garlic) Milula (milula) Speea (speea) Gilliesia (gilliesia) Nothoscordum (false garlic) Trichlora (trichlora) Ipheion (starflower) Prototulbaghia (prototulbaghia) Tristagma (springstar) Latace (latace) Schickendantziella (schickendantziella) Tulbaghia (society garlic)…

See also Herbal medicines General information Genera in the family of amaranthaceae ( Table 1 ) include cotton flower and rockwort. Table 1 Genera of amaranthaceae Achyranthes (chaff flower) Cyathula (cyathula) Lithophila (lithophila) Aerva (aerva) Froelichia (snake cotton) Nototrichium (rockwort) Alternanthera (joyweed) Gomphrena (globe amaranth) Pfaffia (pfaffia) Amaranthus (pigweed) Gossypianthus (cotton flower) Philoxerus (philoxerus) Blutaparon (blutaparon) Guilleminea (matweed) Tidestromia (honeysweet) Celosia (cock's comb) Hermbstaedtia (hermbstaedtia) Chamissoa…

General information Amantadine is a symmetrical C10 tricyclic amine with an unusual structure (1-adamantanamine hydrochloride). It interferes with virus uncoating [ ] by blocking the M2 ion channel, which is needed to affect a pH change that helps to initiate the uncoating process. Most consistent antiviral activity has been observed against influenza A virus, but amantadine has little or no activity against influenza B virus […

General information Alverine is a smooth muscle relaxant that is used to treat spasmodic conditions of the bowel [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Aluminium is a metallic element (symbol Al; atomic no. 13), a light, silver-colored, malleable metal. Aluminium is the most abundant of all metals and is obtained from bauxite ores by the production of alumina, which is then smelted to produce aluminium. Its abundance is demonstrated by the vast number of minerals and precious stones that contain aluminium, which include: albite, analcime, anorthite, beryl, chabazite,…

General information Alprostadil is PGE 1 available for exogenous administration. Alprostadil is widely used in neonates with cyanotic congenital heart disease to maintain the patency of the ductus arteriosus. Reported adverse effects include fever, apnea, flushing, bradycardia, and hyperostosis. Continuous chronic infusion of alprostadil via a portable pump and neuromuscular electrical stimulation help to improve the quality of life in patients with severe chronic heart failure…

General information Alprazolam, a triazolobenzodiazepine, has been marketed as an anxiolytic with additional antidepressant properties; an analogue, adinazolam, also has partial antidepressant activity [ ] and is useful in panic disorder. Like other benzodiazepines, alprazolam is effective in acute and generalized anxiety; its efficacy in panic disorder [ , ], premenstrual syndrome [ ], and chronic pain [ ] is complicated by high rates of adverse…

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General information Alphaprodine is a synthetic opioid, structurally similar to pethidine. It is rapidly absorbed after oral submucosal injection [ ]. It has been used in pediatric dentistry, but it has been withdrawn from the market on a number of occasions because of concerns about its safety, including cases of respiratory arrest [ , ], hypoxic encephalopathy [ ], and deaths [ , ]. You’re Reading…

General information Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors are competitive inhibitors of 1α-glucosidases, enzymes that are located in the brush border of epithelial cells, mainly in the upper half of the small intestine. The enzymes degrade complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides, which are absorbed. The alpha-glucosidase inhibitors bind reversibly in a dose-dependent manner to the oligosaccharide binding site of these enzymes and delay the degradation of polysaccharides and starch to glucose.…

See also Individual agents General information The postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists, indoramin, prazosin, and related quinazoline derivatives, block alpha1-adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels (both arterial and venous) and are effectively peripheral vasodilators [ , ]. Qualitatively and quantitatively common adverse effects are generally similar, although indoramin has additional effects on other neurotransmitter systems and therefore tends to be considered separately. Their use in benign prostatic hyperplasia…

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General information Alpha 1 -antitrypsin is an alpha 1 proteinase inhibitor that neutralizes the activity of neutrophil elastase and is used to treat patients with homozygous deficiency of alpha 1 -antitrypsin [ ]. Adverse reactions occur only rarely [ ]. Drug studies You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log…

See also Ondansetron and other 5HT 3 receptor antagonists Drug studies Placebo-controlled studies In a 12-week placebo-controlled study of alosetron 0.5 mg/day, 1 mg/day, or 1 mg bd in 705 women with severe diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome, all doses of alosetron were effective [ ]. Constipation was the most common adverse event in the three dosage groups (9%, 16%, and 19% respectively). There was one case…

General information The family of Aloeaceae contains the single genus Aloe . Aloe capensis and Aloe vera Aloe capensis and Aloe vera ( Aloe barbadensis ) (Barbados aloe, burn plant, Curacao aloe, elephant’s gall, first-aid plant, Hsiang dan, lily of the desert) contain several active constituents called aloins, including barbaloin, isobarbaloin, and aloe-emodin. Laxative anthranoid derivatives occur primarily in various laxative herbs (such as aloe, cascara…

General information Almitrine is a respiratory stimulant that improves hypoxemia in about 80% of patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [ ]. Oral almitrine bimesilate (100 mg/day) increased PaO 2 in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease without altering mean pulmonary artery pressure [ ]. Adverse reactions were rarely observed and it was concluded that long-term treatment was safe. In other studies, respiratory, digestive,…

General information Allopurinol is an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, used to lower serum uric acid concentrations in the long-term treatment of gout and in the prevention of acute gout in people who are susceptible to hyperuricemia. Allopurinol is itself metabolized to its active metabolite, oxipurinol, by xanthine oxidase. Comparisons with antimonials in leishmaniasis Allopurinol has an antileishmanial effect in vitro and in animals, its effect being…

See also Cytotoxic and immunosuppressant drugs General information Alkylating cytostatic drugs include: Nitrosoureas: carmustine, lomustine, nimustine, streptozocin. N -lost derivatives: bendamustine, chlormethine, cyclophosphamide, estramustine. Others: busulfan, chlorambucil, dacarbazine, ifosfamide, melphalan, mitobronitol, mitomycin, procarbazine, thiotepa, temozolomide, treosulfan. The first two groups (apart from cyclophosphamide) are covered in this monograph. Nitrosoureas Carmustine (BCNU) is used to treat myeloma, lymphomas, breast cancer, and brain tumors, topical carmustine has been…