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Acrisorcin

See also Disinfectants and antiseptics General information Acrisorcin (aminoacridine 4-hexylresorcinolate) has been used in the treatment of tinea versicolor [ ] and for induction of abortion in mid-trimester pregnancies. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Acoraceae

See also Herbal medicines General information Acorus calamus was originally classified as a member of the arum family (Araceae), but is now designated as belonging to its own family, the Acoraceae, of which it is the only member. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Acipimox

General information Acipimox (S-methylpyrazine-2-carboxylic acid 4-oxide) is structurally related to nicotinic acid. There were flushing and gastrointestinal disturbances in 7137 patients, of whom 15% stopped taking the drug because of adverse effects; there were no adverse effects on blood glucose or uric acid [ ]. Of 32 patients with hypertriglyceridemia, excessive hypertriglyceridemia, and combined hyperlipidemia, acipimox had to be withdrawn in 10 cases, because of adverse…

Aciclovir

General information Aciclovir is an acyclic purine nucleoside. Its antiviral activity depends upon intracellular phosphorylation to its triphosphate derivative. Because of its higher affinity for viral thymidine kinase, aciclovir is phosphorylated at a much higher rate by the viral enzyme. Thus, it is almost exclusively active in infected cells, fulfilling one of the selectivity principles of antiviral drugs. In addition, aciclovir triphosphate serves as a better…

Acetylsalicylic acid

See also Benorilate ; Diflunisal ; Lysine acetylsalicylate ; Salicylates, topical ; Salsalate General information Over a century after its introduction, acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) is by far the most commonly used analgesic, sharing its leading position with the relative newcomer paracetamol (acetaminophen), and notwithstanding the fact that other widely used anti-inflammatory drugs, like ibuprofen and naproxen, have in recent years been introduced in over-the-counter versions. Both…

Acetylcysteine

General information Acetylcysteine (N-acetylcysteine) is used as a mucolytic and to treat paracetamol overdose. Acetylcysteine splits disulfide bonds in mucoproteins and thus lowers mucus viscosity, resulting in a larger volume of sputum. It is normally administered by inhalation as a nebulized solution or aerosol, although it can also be taken orally. Acetylcysteine is also an antioxidant and may protect the lung from free radicals generated by…

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

General information Cholinesterase inhibitors increase parasympathetic nervous system (cholinergic) activity indirectly by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, thereby preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine. They are only effective in the presence of acetylcholine. They are listed in Table 1 . Table 1 Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors Ambenonium Diisopropyl fluorophosphate (Diflos) Distigmine Donepezil Ecothiopate Edrophonium Eserine Methoxytacrine Metrifonate Neostigmine Physostigmine Prostigmine Pyridostigmine Rivastigmine Tacrine and 7-methoxytacrine The cholinesterase inhibitors are used in the…

Aceclofenac

See also Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) General information Despite claims that aceclofenac is a COX-2 selective inhibitor, experience shows that its adverse effects profile is similar to that of the non-selective NSAIDs. Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Acecainide

See also Antidysrhythmic drugs General information Acecainide (N-acetylprocainamide) is the main metabolite of procainamide, and it has antidysrhythmic activity [ ]. However, in contrast to procainamide, which has Class Ib activity, the main action of acecainide is that of Class III. Apart from the lupus-like syndrome, the adverse effects of acecainide are as common as those of procainamide. The commonest affect the gastrointestinal tract and the…

Acebutolol

See also Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists General information Acebutolol is a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist with membrane-stabilizing activity that is sometimes cited as being cardioselective but has considerable effects on bronchioles and peripheral blood vessels. Organs and systems Respiratory Bronchiolitis obliterans has been attributed to acebutolol [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a…

Acanthaceae

See also Herbal medicines General information The family of acanthaceae includes about 250 genera, including Andrographis (false waterwillow), Ruellia (wild petunia), and Ancistranthus (desert honeysuckle). You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Acamprosate

General information Acamprosate (calcium acetylhomotaurinate) has been postulated to act by restoring the alcohol-induced neurotransmission imbalance of inhibition–excitation inputs believed to underlie alcohol dependence [ , ]. The molecular structure of acamprosate explains its specificity toward the basic molecular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of alcohol dependence. A competitive interaction has been described between spermidine and acamprosate, suggesting a specific binding site for acamprosate on N-methyl-…

Abiraterone acetate

General information Abiraterone acetate is a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 C17 (CYPC17) [ ]. It is being used for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer. It was first approved for use by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in April 2011 [ , ] and was approved for use in Europe by the European Medicine Agency (EMA) a few months later [ ]. Abiraterone selectively…

Abetimus

General information Abetimus is a selective immunomodulator for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. It induces tolerance in B lymphocytes directed against double-stranded DNA by cross-linking surface antibodies. It also reduces serum double-stranded DNA antibodies and splenic double-stranded DNA antibody-producing cells in BXSB mice, giving improved renal function and histopathology, as well as prolonged survival [ ]. In a phase-2, partly randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of…

Abciximab

See also Monoclonal antibodies General information Abciximab is a Fab fragment of the chimeric human-murine monoclonal antibody 7E3, which binds to the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor and inhibits platelet aggregation [ ]. Abciximab is used for prevention of cardiac ischemic events in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention and to prevent myocardial infarction in patients with unstable angina who do not respond to conventional treatment. It has…

Abacavir

See also Nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) General information Abacavir is a guanidine analogue that inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase. In vitro, its potency is similar to that of zidovudine, protease inhibitors, and dual nucleoside combinations. It reduces viral load and increases the CD4 count in HIV-infected patients. Viral resistance is not rapidly selected for, but cross-resistance has been shown to other analogues of cytosine and…