General information Drug substances of animal origin can produce IgE-mediated or non-IgE-mediated anaphylactic reactions, particularly after parenteral administration [ ]. Animal products can also transmit an infectious disease because of the presence of a pathogenic microbe. The following products are covered in this monograph: Ban Mao; bear bile; bee products (bee pollen, propolis, and royal jelly); carp bile and gallbladder; fish oils; gangliosides (from bovine brain);…

See also Echinocandins General information Anidulafungin, an echinocandin, is an antifungal drug that acts by inhibiting β(1,3)- d -glucan synthase, which regulates the formation of β(1,3)- d -glucan, a major component of fungal cell walls [ ]. Its main adverse effect is hepatotoxicity with altered serum aminotransferases [ ]. Drug studies Observational studies The safety and efficacy of intravenous anidulafungin 50, 75, or 100 mg/day has…

General information Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors inhibit the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II ( Figure 1 ). The ACE is also a kininase, and so ACE inhibitors inhibit the breakdown of kinins. Some of the adverse effects of these drugs are related to these pharmacological effects. For example, cough is thought to be due to the action of kinins on axon fibers in the…

See also individual agents General information Inhibition of the renin–angiotensin system by ACE inhibitors has proved efficacious in the treatment of hypertension, cardiac failure, myocardial infarction, in secondary prevention after myocardial infarction, and for kidney protection in diabetic and non-diabetic nephropathy. The development of specific antagonists to subtype 1 of the angiotensin II receptor (AT1) has provided a new tool for inhibiting the renin–angiotensin system. Experimental…

See also individual agents General information Local anesthetics typically contain a hydrophilic tertiary amine group linked to a lipophilic ester or amide. The most commonly used local anesthetics are either amides or esters, as shown in Table 1 . The aminoester anesthetics cause adverse reactions more commonly than local anesthetics in the amide group. The esters are typically metabolized by de-esterification by esterases, such as pseudocholinesterase…

General information The inhalational and injectable agents that are covered in separate monographs are listed in Table 1 . Table 1 Inhalational and injectable anesthetics Inhalational Injectable Halogenated Chloroform Desflurane Enflurane Halothane Isoflurane Methoxyflurane Sevoflurane Trichloroethylene Others Anesthetic ether Cyclopropane Nitrous oxide Xenon Barbiturates Methohexital Thiamylal Thiopental Others Alfadolone/alfaxolone Etomidate Ketamine Propanidid Propofol The inhalational agents in common use share similar adverse effects, albeit with differing…

You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Anecortave acetate is an angiostatic steroid derived from cortisol but without glucocorticoid receptor-mediated activity. It has been used in the treatment of neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration [ , ] and in glaucoma [ ]. It tends to cause the sensation of a foreign body. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If…

See also Hormonal contraceptives—male General information The classic androgen is natural testosterone, which can be given orally in micronized form, but has much more often been used as the orally active 17-methyl derivative or an injectable ester. Androgens are used to some extent in male hypogonadism, when they can promote libido and potency and increase the frequency of erections and the volume of the ejaculate […

See also Interleukins General information Anakinra is an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. It has been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis [ , ]. It has been tried in graft-versus-host disease, but without success [ ]. According to published trial data, moderate injection site reactions were the primary adverse effect and required treatment withdrawal in under 5% of patients. An erythematous rash was seldom observed. Although a few…

General information Anagrelide was developed as an inhibitor of platelet aggregation and acts by inhibiting phosphodiesterase. It was later found to reduce the platelet count, in doses lower than those required to inhibit platelet aggregation, by interfering with megakaryocyte differentiation and proliferation. It is used for the treatment of essential thrombocythemia. The uses, adverse effects, and interactions of anagrelide have been reviewed [ ]. Its common…

See also Herbal medicines General information Genera in the family of Anacardiaceae ( Table 1 ) include pistachio, poison ivy, and sumac. Many yield foodstuffs, such as mangos, cashews, and pistachios, that can cause allergic reactions. Table 1 Genera of Anacardiaceae Anacardium (cashew) Buchanania (buchanania) Campnospera Comocladia (maidenplum) Cotinus (smoke tree) Dracontomelon (dracontomelon) Gluta (gluta) Lithrea (lithrea) Malosma (laurel sumac) Mangifera (mango) Melanorrhoea (melanorrhoea) Metopium (Florida…

General information Amylin is a peptide hormone produced in the beta-cells of the islets of Langerhans and co-secreted with insulin. It has glucoregulatory effects that may complement the actions of insulin. Pramlintide is an amyloid analogue [ ]. It is administered subcutaneously, but it precipitates above pH 5.5 and therefore cannot be co-administered with insulin. It received FDA approval in 2005 for both type 1 and…

General information Amygdalin is a glycoside that was initially isolated from the seeds of the almond tree Prunus dulcis ; it is also found in Prunus amygdala (bitter almond) [ ], Prunus armeniaca (apricot), Prunus serotina (black cherry) [ ], and Prunus tomentosa (Nanking cherry) [ ]. Laetrile (a synthetic derivative of amygdalin) was at one time promoted as a cure for cancer, but it is…

You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Phosphodiesterase type III inhibitors General information Amrinone is an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type III, and has a positive inotropic effect. Its adverse effects [ ] include thrombocytopenia (10%), hypotension, tachydysrhythmias (sometimes resulting in syncope and death) (9%), worsening cardiac ischemia (7%), worsening heart failure (15%), gastrointestinal disturbances (39%), neurological complications (17%), liver damage (7%), fever (6%), nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, hyperuricemia, flaking of the skin,…

See also HIV protease inhibitors General information The marketing authorization of amprenavir (Agenerase) was withdrawn for commercial reasons at the request of the marketing authorization holder in 2011. Since fosamprenavir is still marketed and is a prodrug for amprenavir, adverse reactions to amprenavir are still relevant. Amprenavir is an HIV protease inhibitor with an enzyme inhibitory constant of 0.6 nmol/l, similar to the inhibitory constants of…

You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Having a broad-spectrum fungicidal activity, amphotericin remains the mainstay of treatment of most invasive fungal infections. Compared with conventional amphotericin B deoxycholate, other lipid formulations of amphotericin (amphotericin B colloidal dispersion, amphotericin B lipid complex, and liposomal amphotericin B) facilitate treatment in patients with suspected and proven invasive mycoses, who are intolerant of or refractory to conventional amphotericin. Compared with conventional amphotericin B deoxycholate,…

General information Note on spelling In International Non-proprietary Names the digraph -ph- is usually replaced by -f-, although usage is not consistent, and -ph- is used at the beginnings of some drug names (for example, compare fenfluramine and phentermine) or when a name that beings with a ph- is modified by a prefix (for example, chlorphentermine). For the amphetamines we have used the following spellings: amfetamine,…