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See also individual agents General information There are many anticholinergic drugs, some structurally related to atropine, others quaternary ammonium compounds or tertiary amines ( Table 1 ). Although many of these products are claimed to have superior efficacy, specificity, or tolerance, few have ever been critically compared with others. The so-called freedom from adverse effects claimed for many of these compounds can often be traced to…

See also Monoclonal antibodies General information BG9588 is an anti-CD40L antibody. The CD40–CD40L interaction plays a significant role in the production of autoantibodies and tissue injury in lupus nephritis [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also individual agents General information Drugs that are used in the treatment of angina pectoris include agents from the following groups: nitric oxide donors; beta-blockers; calcium channel blockers; potassium channel activators. Safety factors that govern the choice of antianginal drug Insights into the epidemiology, physiology, cellular biology, molecular biology, and treatment of ischemic heart disease have shown that there are three major modifiable risk factors…

See also individual agents General information Antiandrogens include steroids, such as cyproterone acetate, and non-steroidal agents, such as bicalutamide, flutamide, nilutamide, and abiraterone. They have different endocrine effects and therefore different adverse effects [ ]. Cyproterone acetate tends to result in a loss of sexual interest and erectile dysfunction, whereas most men experience this only moderately or not at all during non-steroidal drug treatment. The most…

See also Vaccines General information Inactivated anthrax vaccine is mainly used for protection against occupational anthrax exposure. A complete vaccine series consists of three 0.5-ml subcutaneous doses at 2-week intervals, followed by three additional doses 6, 12, and 18 months after the first dose. Mild local reactions occur in 30% of vaccinees, including local erythema and tenderness, which occurs within 24 hours and begins to subside…

See also Anthracyclines and Cytostatic and immunosuppressant drugs General information Liposomes are microscopic particles composed of a lipid bilayer membrane enclosing active drug in a central aqueous compartment [ ]. The aim of liposomal encapsulation of a drug is to alter its pharmacokinetics, thus improving efficacy and/or reducing toxicity [ ]. Current formulations of liposomal formulations of anthracyclines are as follows: pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Caelyx/Doxil); liposomal…

See also Cytotoxic and immunosuppressant drugs General information Anthracyclines form a broad group of antitumor drugs within the group of cytotoxic antibiotics. The lead compounds were doxorubicin and daunorubicin; analogues include epirubicin, idarubicin, and aclarubicin. Mitoxantrone and pixantrone are related compounds of the anthracenedione family. Amsacrine is a related compound of the aminoacridine family. Liposomal forms of doxorubicin (Caelyx, Myocet) and daunorubicin (DaunoXome) are in use.…

See also Antihistamines General information Antazoline is a first-generation antihistamine. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Antacids are alkalis, such as aluminium hydroxide, magnesium salts (magnesium hydroxide and magnesium trisilicate), sodium bicarbonate, and calcium hydroxide. They are generally formulated in combinations (for example magnesium hydroxide + aluminium hydroxide, known as co-magaldrox), often with other components, such as simeticone (activated dimeticone, an anti-foaming agent), alginates (anti-reflux agents), and hydrotalcite (another type of antacid, the addition of which does not improve efficacy…

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General information Drug substances of animal origin can produce IgE-mediated or non-IgE-mediated anaphylactic reactions, particularly after parenteral administration [ ]. Animal products can also transmit an infectious disease because of the presence of a pathogenic microbe. The following products are covered in this monograph: Ban Mao; bear bile; bee products (bee pollen, propolis, and royal jelly); carp bile and gallbladder; fish oils; gangliosides (from bovine brain);…

See also Echinocandins General information Anidulafungin, an echinocandin, is an antifungal drug that acts by inhibiting β(1,3)- d -glucan synthase, which regulates the formation of β(1,3)- d -glucan, a major component of fungal cell walls [ ]. Its main adverse effect is hepatotoxicity with altered serum aminotransferases [ ]. Drug studies Observational studies The safety and efficacy of intravenous anidulafungin 50, 75, or 100 mg/day has…

General information Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors inhibit the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II ( Figure 1 ). The ACE is also a kininase, and so ACE inhibitors inhibit the breakdown of kinins. Some of the adverse effects of these drugs are related to these pharmacological effects. For example, cough is thought to be due to the action of kinins on axon fibers in the…

See also individual agents General information Inhibition of the renin–angiotensin system by ACE inhibitors has proved efficacious in the treatment of hypertension, cardiac failure, myocardial infarction, in secondary prevention after myocardial infarction, and for kidney protection in diabetic and non-diabetic nephropathy. The development of specific antagonists to subtype 1 of the angiotensin II receptor (AT1) has provided a new tool for inhibiting the renin–angiotensin system. Experimental…

See also individual agents General information Local anesthetics typically contain a hydrophilic tertiary amine group linked to a lipophilic ester or amide. The most commonly used local anesthetics are either amides or esters, as shown in Table 1 . The aminoester anesthetics cause adverse reactions more commonly than local anesthetics in the amide group. The esters are typically metabolized by de-esterification by esterases, such as pseudocholinesterase…

General information The inhalational and injectable agents that are covered in separate monographs are listed in Table 1 . Table 1 Inhalational and injectable anesthetics Inhalational Injectable Halogenated Chloroform Desflurane Enflurane Halothane Isoflurane Methoxyflurane Sevoflurane Trichloroethylene Others Anesthetic ether Cyclopropane Nitrous oxide Xenon Barbiturates Methohexital Thiamylal Thiopental Others Alfadolone/alfaxolone Etomidate Ketamine Propanidid Propofol The inhalational agents in common use share similar adverse effects, albeit with differing…

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General information Anecortave acetate is an angiostatic steroid derived from cortisol but without glucocorticoid receptor-mediated activity. It has been used in the treatment of neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration [ , ] and in glaucoma [ ]. It tends to cause the sensation of a foreign body. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If…

See also Hormonal contraceptives—male General information The classic androgen is natural testosterone, which can be given orally in micronized form, but has much more often been used as the orally active 17-methyl derivative or an injectable ester. Androgens are used to some extent in male hypogonadism, when they can promote libido and potency and increase the frequency of erections and the volume of the ejaculate […