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General information Alphaprodine is a synthetic opioid, structurally similar to pethidine. It is rapidly absorbed after oral submucosal injection [ ]. It has been used in pediatric dentistry, but it has been withdrawn from the market on a number of occasions because of concerns about its safety, including cases of respiratory arrest [ , ], hypoxic encephalopathy [ ], and deaths [ , ]. You’re Reading…

General information Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors are competitive inhibitors of 1α-glucosidases, enzymes that are located in the brush border of epithelial cells, mainly in the upper half of the small intestine. The enzymes degrade complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides, which are absorbed. The alpha-glucosidase inhibitors bind reversibly in a dose-dependent manner to the oligosaccharide binding site of these enzymes and delay the degradation of polysaccharides and starch to glucose.…

See also Individual agents General information The postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists, indoramin, prazosin, and related quinazoline derivatives, block alpha1-adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels (both arterial and venous) and are effectively peripheral vasodilators [ , ]. Qualitatively and quantitatively common adverse effects are generally similar, although indoramin has additional effects on other neurotransmitter systems and therefore tends to be considered separately. Their use in benign prostatic hyperplasia…

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General information Alpha 1 -antitrypsin is an alpha 1 proteinase inhibitor that neutralizes the activity of neutrophil elastase and is used to treat patients with homozygous deficiency of alpha 1 -antitrypsin [ ]. Adverse reactions occur only rarely [ ]. Drug studies You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log…

See also Ondansetron and other 5HT 3 receptor antagonists Drug studies Placebo-controlled studies In a 12-week placebo-controlled study of alosetron 0.5 mg/day, 1 mg/day, or 1 mg bd in 705 women with severe diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome, all doses of alosetron were effective [ ]. Constipation was the most common adverse event in the three dosage groups (9%, 16%, and 19% respectively). There was one case…

General information The family of Aloeaceae contains the single genus Aloe . Aloe capensis and Aloe vera Aloe capensis and Aloe vera ( Aloe barbadensis ) (Barbados aloe, burn plant, Curacao aloe, elephant’s gall, first-aid plant, Hsiang dan, lily of the desert) contain several active constituents called aloins, including barbaloin, isobarbaloin, and aloe-emodin. Laxative anthranoid derivatives occur primarily in various laxative herbs (such as aloe, cascara…

General information Almitrine is a respiratory stimulant that improves hypoxemia in about 80% of patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [ ]. Oral almitrine bimesilate (100 mg/day) increased PaO 2 in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease without altering mean pulmonary artery pressure [ ]. Adverse reactions were rarely observed and it was concluded that long-term treatment was safe. In other studies, respiratory, digestive,…

General information Allopurinol is an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, used to lower serum uric acid concentrations in the long-term treatment of gout and in the prevention of acute gout in people who are susceptible to hyperuricemia. Allopurinol is itself metabolized to its active metabolite, oxipurinol, by xanthine oxidase. Comparisons with antimonials in leishmaniasis Allopurinol has an antileishmanial effect in vitro and in animals, its effect being…

See also Cytotoxic and immunosuppressant drugs General information Alkylating cytostatic drugs include: Nitrosoureas: carmustine, lomustine, nimustine, streptozocin. N -lost derivatives: bendamustine, chlormethine, cyclophosphamide, estramustine. Others: busulfan, chlorambucil, dacarbazine, ifosfamide, melphalan, mitobronitol, mitomycin, procarbazine, thiotepa, temozolomide, treosulfan. The first two groups (apart from cyclophosphamide) are covered in this monograph. Nitrosoureas Carmustine (BCNU) is used to treat myeloma, lymphomas, breast cancer, and brain tumors, topical carmustine has been…

General information Alizapride is a substituted benzamide related to some neuroleptic drugs. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Renin inhibitors, direct General information Aliskiren is an orally active, non-peptidic inhibitor of renin, and is the only direct renin inhibitor approved for the treatment of hypertension. Its potential adverse effects and a comparison with other renin–angiotensin blockers have been reviewed [ ]. Aliskiren is a novel compound that was developed by the use of X-ray crystallography of the active site of renin and…

General information The lower aliphatic alcohols (ethanol, isopropanol, 2-propanol, N -propanol, and 1-propanol) are widely used for skin antisepsis. In appropriate concentrations, these alcohols are bactericidal to most of the common pathogenic bacteria, but some rare species survive and can grow, especially since these alcohols are inactive against dried spores. Seven cases of gaseous edema were observed in the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) after intramuscular…

See also Antihistamines General information Alimemazine is a phenothiazine derivative with sedative antihistaminic and antimuscarinic effects. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

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See also Alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists General information Alfuzosin is a uroselective alpha 1 -adrenoceptor antagonist used to relieve the symptoms of prostatic hyperplasia [ ]. Its safety has been investigated in a large prospective 3-year open trial in 3228 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. There were no unexpected adverse effects. Only 4.2% of the patients dropped out owing to adverse effects. In a large database of 7093…

See also Opioid analgesics General information Alfentanil is a potent short-acting opioid used in anesthesia. Beside its effects on opioid receptors, there is some evidence that it may affect acetylcholine, since intrathecal neostigmine produced a dose-dependent increase in the effect of alfentanil [ ]. Its rapid onset and short duration of action make alfentanil suitable for use in day care, although it is important to treat…

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See also Monoclonal antibodies General information Alemtuzumab (campath-1H) is a humanized monoclonal antibody specific for the CDw52 antigen, present on cell membranes of lymphocytes and monocytes. It has been used for treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and vasculitis, is being investigated for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and has been used to deplete circulating lymphocytes in patients with multiple sclerosis [ ]. In 2001,…