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Amoxapine

See also Tricyclic antidepressants General information Amoxapine has a tricyclic nucleus with a modified piperazine side chain and is closely related to the neuroleptic drug loxapine [ ]. In animals, amoxapine has no antiserotonergic properties and less anticholinergic activity than prototype drugs. In a major review of amoxapine and its pharmacology it was concluded that it is similar in efficacy and potency to standard tricyclic compounds,…

Amopyroquine

General information Amopyroquine is a 4-aminoquinoline, structurally related to amodiaquine. It is not a new compound, but it is of renewed interest as a result of the extensive occurrence of resistance to chloroquine and the adverse effects of prophylactic amodiaquine. It clinical pharmacology has been reviewed [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership…

Amodiaquine

General information Amodiaquine is a Mannich base derivative related to chloroquine. While it is generally considered equivalent to chloroquine, more recent studies have shown that amodiaquine is superior to chloroquine in tackling resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum , although there may be cross-resistance to chloroquine [ ]. Compared with chloroquine, amodiaquine was more effective and better tolerated in outpatients with uncomplicated malaria tropica in Kenya […

Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate

General information Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate is a copper chelator that has been used to treat Wilson's disease [ ]. It also inhibits angiogenesis, perhaps by inhibiting copper ion-dependent membrane translocation involving a non-classical secretory pathway [ ], and inhibits NFκB [ ]. It has been used to treat advanced kidney cancer [ ] and metastatic cancer [ ]. Its most common adverse effects are anemia, neutropenia, leukopenia,…

Amlodipine

See also Calcium channel blockers General information Amlodipine is a long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It has an adverse effects profile similar to those of other dihydropyridines, but at a lower frequency [ ]. Along with felodipine [ ], but unlike other calcium channel blockers, it may also be safer in severe chronic heart failure when there is concurrent angina or hypertension [ ]. The effects…

Amisulpride

See also Neuroleptic drugs General information Amisulpride is an atypical antipsychotic drug, a benzamide derivative, which may have a low propensity to cause extrapyramidal symptoms [ ]. Amisulpride 600–1200 mg/day for 3 months was effective and well tolerated in 445 patients with schizophrenia aged 18–45 years [ ]. During this time, 124 patients (28%) dropped out of the study; 21% reported adverse events, neurological (35%), psychiatric…

Amiodarone

See also Antidysrhythmic drugs General information Amiodarone is highly effective in treating both ventricular and supraventricular dysrhythmias [ ]. Its pharmacology, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects and interactions have been extensively reviewed [ ]. General adverse effects and reactions Amiodarone prolongs the QT interval and can therefore cause dysrhythmias; there have also been reports of conduction disturbances. Abnormalities of thyroid function tests can occur without thyroid…

Aminosalicylates

General information The aminosalicylates that are currently available are: mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic; acid mesalamine); sulfasalazine, a compound of mesalazine and sulfapyridine, the two compounds being linked by a diazo bond that is hydrolysed by intestinal bacteria; mesalazine is therapeutically effective in inflammatory bowel disease and sulfapyridine causes adverse effects and reactions; olsalazine, a compound of two molecules of mesalazine, linked by a diazo bond that is hydrolysed…

Aminorex

See also Anorectic drugs General information Aminorex is an amfetamine analogue that was used as an anorectic agent, but was withdrawn from the market over 20 years ago because of its association with pulmonary hypertension, which sometimes proved fatal. Its adverse effects have been attributed predominantly to the release of noradrenaline and other catecholamines. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access…

Aminophenazone (amidopyrine)

General information Aminophenazone (amidopyrine) is the most toxic and most dangerous anti-inflammatory analgesic. Blood dyscrasias have been documented beyond any doubt, perhaps due to a hypersensitivity mechanism. The Committee on the Safety of Drugs of the Japanese Pharmaceutical Affairs Bureau has ordered its withdrawal because of its serious adverse effects [ ] and it has been withdrawn in most developed countries. However, aminophenazone is still used…

Aminolevulinic acid

General information Aminolevulinic acid (5-aminolevulinic acid, δ-aminolevulinic acid, 5ALA, δ-ALA) is the first compound in the porphyrin synthesis pathway, which leads to heme in mammals and chlorophyll in plants. It has been used as a component of photodynamic therapy in the management of a range of skin disorders, including acne vulgaris [ , ], actinic keratosis [ ], Bowen’s disease [ ], leukoplakia [ ], and…

Aminoglycoside antibiotics

See also individual agents General information The aminoglycosides that have been, or are still, important in medical practice are amikacin, gentamicin (pINN), isepamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, netilmicin, paromomycin, sisomicin, streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin, and tobramycin. Being chemically similar, the aminoglycosides have many features in common, in particular their mechanism of antibacterial action, a broad antibacterial spectrum, partial or complete cross-resistance, bactericidal action in a slightly alkaline environment, poor…

Aminocaproic acid

General information During normal fibrinolysis, inactive circulating plasminogen binds to fibrin through an active site that binds lysine. The bound plasminogen is then converted to plasmin by activators (such as tissue plasminogen activator, t-PA) and converted to plasmin, which breaks down the fibrin. Aminocaproic acid (ε-aminocaproic acid, EACA, 6-aminohexanoic acid, Amicar) and tranexamic acid (Cyklokapron) are structural analogues of lysine, which bind irreversibly to the lysine-binding…

Amineptine

See also Tricyclic antidepressants General information Amineptine is a tricyclic antidepressant that selectively reduces the dopamine reuptake without affecting the uptake of noradrenaline or serotonin (5-HT) [ ]. In vivo, it increases striatal homovanillic acid concentrations without affecting the concentrations of other metabolites of dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 3-methoxytyramine. However, high doses of amineptine reduced the extracellular DOPAC concentration in the nucleus accumbens but not…

Amiloride

General information Amiloride is a potassium-sparing diuretic that acts in the distal convoluted tubule independently of the action of aldosterone, inhibiting sodium channels. It is a relatively safe drug with few reported adverse effects. Patients with congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus are often treated with a combination of a thiazide and a potassium-sparing diuretic, without consensus on the preferred potassium-sparing diuretic. A Japanese adult was systematically studied…

Amikacin

See also Aminoglycoside antibiotics General information Amikacin is a semisynthetic derivative of kanamycin with similar pharmacokinetic properties and dosages. It is resistant to many of the bacterial R factor-mediated enzymes that inactivate kanamycin and gentamicin. Noteworthy is its effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and against most Gram-negative aerobes that are resistant to gentamicin and tobramycin. There are strains of Staphylococcus aureus that inactivate amikacin by phosphorylation and…