See also Interleukins General information Anakinra is an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. It has been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis [ , ]. It has been tried in graft-versus-host disease, but without success [ ]. According to published trial data, moderate injection site reactions were the primary adverse effect and required treatment withdrawal in under 5% of patients. An erythematous rash was seldom observed. Although a few…

General information Anagrelide was developed as an inhibitor of platelet aggregation and acts by inhibiting phosphodiesterase. It was later found to reduce the platelet count, in doses lower than those required to inhibit platelet aggregation, by interfering with megakaryocyte differentiation and proliferation. It is used for the treatment of essential thrombocythemia. The uses, adverse effects, and interactions of anagrelide have been reviewed [ ]. Its common…

See also Herbal medicines General information Genera in the family of Anacardiaceae ( Table 1 ) include pistachio, poison ivy, and sumac. Many yield foodstuffs, such as mangos, cashews, and pistachios, that can cause allergic reactions. Table 1 Genera of Anacardiaceae Anacardium (cashew) Buchanania (buchanania) Campnospera Comocladia (maidenplum) Cotinus (smoke tree) Dracontomelon (dracontomelon) Gluta (gluta) Lithrea (lithrea) Malosma (laurel sumac) Mangifera (mango) Melanorrhoea (melanorrhoea) Metopium (Florida…

General information Amylin is a peptide hormone produced in the beta-cells of the islets of Langerhans and co-secreted with insulin. It has glucoregulatory effects that may complement the actions of insulin. Pramlintide is an amyloid analogue [ ]. It is administered subcutaneously, but it precipitates above pH 5.5 and therefore cannot be co-administered with insulin. It received FDA approval in 2005 for both type 1 and…

General information Amygdalin is a glycoside that was initially isolated from the seeds of the almond tree Prunus dulcis ; it is also found in Prunus amygdala (bitter almond) [ ], Prunus armeniaca (apricot), Prunus serotina (black cherry) [ ], and Prunus tomentosa (Nanking cherry) [ ]. Laetrile (a synthetic derivative of amygdalin) was at one time promoted as a cure for cancer, but it is…

You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Phosphodiesterase type III inhibitors General information Amrinone is an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type III, and has a positive inotropic effect. Its adverse effects [ ] include thrombocytopenia (10%), hypotension, tachydysrhythmias (sometimes resulting in syncope and death) (9%), worsening cardiac ischemia (7%), worsening heart failure (15%), gastrointestinal disturbances (39%), neurological complications (17%), liver damage (7%), fever (6%), nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, hyperuricemia, flaking of the skin,…

See also HIV protease inhibitors General information The marketing authorization of amprenavir (Agenerase) was withdrawn for commercial reasons at the request of the marketing authorization holder in 2011. Since fosamprenavir is still marketed and is a prodrug for amprenavir, adverse reactions to amprenavir are still relevant. Amprenavir is an HIV protease inhibitor with an enzyme inhibitory constant of 0.6 nmol/l, similar to the inhibitory constants of…

You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Having a broad-spectrum fungicidal activity, amphotericin remains the mainstay of treatment of most invasive fungal infections. Compared with conventional amphotericin B deoxycholate, other lipid formulations of amphotericin (amphotericin B colloidal dispersion, amphotericin B lipid complex, and liposomal amphotericin B) facilitate treatment in patients with suspected and proven invasive mycoses, who are intolerant of or refractory to conventional amphotericin. Compared with conventional amphotericin B deoxycholate,…

General information Note on spelling In International Non-proprietary Names the digraph -ph- is usually replaced by -f-, although usage is not consistent, and -ph- is used at the beginnings of some drug names (for example, compare fenfluramine and phentermine) or when a name that beings with a ph- is modified by a prefix (for example, chlorphentermine). For the amphetamines we have used the following spellings: amfetamine,…

See also Tricyclic antidepressants General information Amoxapine has a tricyclic nucleus with a modified piperazine side chain and is closely related to the neuroleptic drug loxapine [ ]. In animals, amoxapine has no antiserotonergic properties and less anticholinergic activity than prototype drugs. In a major review of amoxapine and its pharmacology it was concluded that it is similar in efficacy and potency to standard tricyclic compounds,…

General information Amopyroquine is a 4-aminoquinoline, structurally related to amodiaquine. It is not a new compound, but it is of renewed interest as a result of the extensive occurrence of resistance to chloroquine and the adverse effects of prophylactic amodiaquine. It clinical pharmacology has been reviewed [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership…

General information Amodiaquine is a Mannich base derivative related to chloroquine. While it is generally considered equivalent to chloroquine, more recent studies have shown that amodiaquine is superior to chloroquine in tackling resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum , although there may be cross-resistance to chloroquine [ ]. Compared with chloroquine, amodiaquine was more effective and better tolerated in outpatients with uncomplicated malaria tropica in Kenya […

You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate is a copper chelator that has been used to treat Wilson's disease [ ]. It also inhibits angiogenesis, perhaps by inhibiting copper ion-dependent membrane translocation involving a non-classical secretory pathway [ ], and inhibits NFκB [ ]. It has been used to treat advanced kidney cancer [ ] and metastatic cancer [ ]. Its most common adverse effects are anemia, neutropenia, leukopenia,…

General information Ammonium chloride is used as an expectorant in productive cough. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Calcium channel blockers General information Amlodipine is a long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It has an adverse effects profile similar to those of other dihydropyridines, but at a lower frequency [ ]. Along with felodipine [ ], but unlike other calcium channel blockers, it may also be safer in severe chronic heart failure when there is concurrent angina or hypertension [ ]. The effects…

You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Neuroleptic drugs General information Amisulpride is an atypical antipsychotic drug, a benzamide derivative, which may have a low propensity to cause extrapyramidal symptoms [ ]. Amisulpride 600–1200 mg/day for 3 months was effective and well tolerated in 445 patients with schizophrenia aged 18–45 years [ ]. During this time, 124 patients (28%) dropped out of the study; 21% reported adverse events, neurological (35%), psychiatric…