See also Tricyclic antidepressants General information Iprindole is a 6,5,8 tricyclic compound, whose first two rings form an indole nucleus [ ]. It is of some theoretical interest, in that it is weak in its action on the amine pump mechanism. Adverse reactions are reported as being similar to those of other tricyclic antidepressants [ , ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership…

See also Anticholinergic drugs General information Ipratropium hydrobromide is a quaternary amine, the semisynthetic isopropyl derivative of atropine, which has low lipid solubility and is poorly absorbed. It has anticholinergic properties and is used to treat asthma. The metered dose of ipratropium is some 20 micrograms. Its limited availability accounts for its relative bronchial selectivity when ipratropium is given in low doses by the aerosol route.…

See also Rubiaceae General information Ipecacuanha is an extract of the root of Psychotria ipecacuanha , also known as Cephaelis ipecacuanha , a member of the Rubiaceae. It contains the emetic alkaloids cephaeline and emetine. It has often been used as a home remedy for various purposes, and not only as an emetic. It is a traditional ingredient of some expectorants, since expectoration often accompanies vomiting.…

General information Ion exchange polymers are insoluble organic polymers, which trap ions and in doing so release others [ ]. There are four main types: strongly acidic compounds, which typically contain sulfonic acid groups (for example, the polystyrene sulfonates, which are covered in a separate monograph); strongly basic compounds (for example, colestyramine and colesevelam), which contain quaternary amino groups, such as trimethylammonium; weakly acidic compounds, which…

General information Initially used as a preservative in wood paints and metal-working fluids, 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate is also used in cosmetics, shampoos, metal-working fluids, and moistened wipes [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Amiodarone ; Iodinated contrast media ; Iodopropynyl butylcarbamate ; Radioactive iodine General information Iodine is a non-metallic halogen element (symbol I; atomic no 53, atomic weight 127). It exists as a near-black solid but readily sublimates, giving a purple-colored vapor. It is found in nature both free (for example in large amounts in seaweeds such as kelp and in low concentrations in seawater) and…

See also Amiodarone ; Iodine-containing medicaments ; Iodopropynyl butylcarbamate ; Povidone-iodine; Radioactive iodine General information The radio-opacity of X-ray contrast media depends on the fact that they contain substances with high atomic weights that absorb X-rays. Bismuth, now largely obsolete, has an atomic weight of 209, barium 137. Since the soluble salts of barium are poisonous, the insoluble salt, barium sulfate, is used as a suspension.…

General information Interleukin-12, an immunomodulatory cytokine, has potential effects in several cancer and infectious diseases. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

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General information Interleukin-10 is a potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokine with beneficial effects expected in a wide range of diseases [ ]. In healthy volunteers, its adverse effect profile mostly consisted of flu-like symptoms at the highest dose [ ]. First-degree atrioventricular block was noted in a few patients. Due to immunomodulating properties, potential adverse immunological effects, namely an increased risk of infections, autoimmune disorders, or…

General information Interleukin-6 is produced by T cells, monocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes, and regulates pleiotropic biological functions. Recombinant interleukin-6 has been evaluated for thrombopoietic and antitumor properties [ ]. General adverse effects and adverse reactions During clinical trials, intravenous and subcutaneous interleukin-6 produced universal moderate fever and flu-like symptoms [ ]. Mild nausea, weight loss, and taste disorders sometimes occurred, and central nervous system…

General information Interleukin-4 is a pleiotropic cytokine, mostly produced by activated T cells, which acts on the proliferation and differentiation of B and T lymphocytes and enhances the function of natural killer cells, eosinophils, and mast cells [ ]. It is being investigated for potential antitumor and hemopoietic actions. General adverse effects and adverse reactions Moderate fever with flu-like symptoms, arthralgias, fatigue, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache,…

General information Interleukin-3 is produced by activated T lymphocytes and stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of the granulocyte, macrophage, eosinophil, basophil, erythroid, megakaryocyte, and mast cell lineages [ ]. Drug studies Observational studies Subcutaneous recombinant interleukin-3 has been investigated in patients with chemotherapy-induced myelotoxicity, in the setting of autologous bone marrow transplantation or peripheral stem cell harvesting, or in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome, aplastic anemia, and…

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General information Interleukin-1-alfa and interleukin-1-beta are produced by two distinct genes with only 25% homology, but they act through the same receptor and share similar in vitro biological properties. Interleukin-1 on its own has modest antitumor activity and limited hemopoietic effects. It also acts synergistically with other colony-stimulating factors (for example GM-CSF, G-CSF, interleukin-3, or interleukin-6) to promote colony formation and stimulate hemopoietic recovery in patients…

See also Individual agents General information The interferons, first described in 1957, include at least five natural human glycoproteins (alfa, beta, gamma, omega, and tau). Only the first three types are currently used, and they differ both structurally and antigenically. Interferon alfa is produced by macrophages, B cells, and null lymphocytes, interferon beta by fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and macrophages, and interferon gamma from T lymphocytes and…

See also Interferons . General information Recombinant interferon gamma (interferon gamma-1b) is currently approved only as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy in chronic granulomatous disease [ ], although its immunoregulatory potential has been investigated in other diseases. Clinical experience with interferon gamma is therefore limited and the most relevant information on long-term safety has been obtained from the ICGDSCG trial [ ]. In this study, adverse…

See also Interferons General information Interferon beta is used in the form of natural fibroblast or recombinant preparations (interferon beta-1a and interferon beta-1b) and exerts antiviral and antiproliferative properties similar to those of interferon alfa. Although its efficacy has been debated [ , ], interferon beta has been approved for the treatment of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Adverse reactions to interferon beta…

See also Interferons General information Interferon alfa is used as purified natural leukocyte or lymphoblastoid human interferon, or as a recombinant DNA preparation. Work to assign the most frequently observed amino acids at each position has led to a so-called consensus interferon alfa [ ]. Relatively low doses (3–10 MU three times a week) are now being used in most indications, except in AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma…

General information Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and the IGF-I receptor are structurally comparable to insulin and the insulin receptor. Recombinant human IGF-I has 54% identity to proinsulin. Insulin and IGF-I can bind to both receptors, but insulin can only transfer 1% of the IGF message on the IGF receptor and IGF-I only 1% of the insulin message on the insulin receptor. Recombinant human IGF-I is used…