See also Macrolide antibiotics General information In a randomized open study, 325 children aged 2–15 years with acute tonsillitis and a positive test for Streptococcus pyogenes antigen were treated with josamycin 25 mg/kg bd for 5 days, or penicillin 50 000–100 000 IU/day for 10 days; in five patients taking josamycin treatment was withdrawn because of gastrointestinal adverse events (nausea/vomiting) [ ]. Organs and systems Fluid…

General information Japanese encephalitis is an important arboviral disease in man in Japan, China, Korea, Thailand, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam. In 1954, Japanese encephalitis vaccine of the mouse brain type for human use was licensed in Japan. However, there was strong criticism of mouse brain vaccine, and in 1965 the Nippon Institute of Biological Products and the Biken Foundation implemented more advanced purification procedures,…

General information Ivermectin, a dihydroavermectin B1, is an effective microfilaricide used in the treatment of strongyloides, scabies, and all types of filariasis except Dipalonema ( Mansonella ) perstans infections. Over a number of years, ivermectin has shown excellent results in the treatment of onchocerciasis, both in controlled studies and in the field, including use in the WHO-sponsored program of treatment. This experience has provided a thorough…

See also Antifungal azoles [for systemic use] General information Itraconazole is a triazole antifungal drug. It is used orally to treat oropharyngeal and vulvovaginal candidiasis, pityriasis versicolor, dermatophytoses unresponsive to topical treatment, and systemic infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, and sporotrichosis. It is also used to prevent fungal infections in immunocompromised patients. Pharmacokinetics The systemic availability of itraconazole and the bioequivalence of…

See also Calcium channel blockers General information Isradipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. Drug studies Comparative studies The MIDAS study [ ] was a randomized trial of isradipine versus hydrochlorothiazide over 3 years in 883 patients, designed primarily to assess the effect on the rate of progression of medial intimal thickness in carotid arteries. The control of diastolic blood pressure was equivalent in both groups,…

See also Adrenoceptor agonists General information Isoxsuprine is a beta 2 -adrenoceptor agonist that also has antagonist action at alpha-adrenoceptors. It has been variously described as a beta-agonist, a specific vasorelaxant, a uterine relaxant, and an agent that reduces blood viscosity. In high dosages it also inhibits platelet aggregation. There is slim evidence that isoxsuprine improves cognitive function and mental performance in a limited number of…

See also Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) General information The oxicam NSAID isoxicam has a shorter half-life (30 hours) than piroxicam. However, there are large variations in half-life, clearance, and mean steady-state plasma concentrations. Except for edema, the incidence of adverse reactions is unrelated to age [ ]. Organs and systems Gastrointestinal The main adverse reactions to isoxicam are gastrointestinal pain, dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting, stomatitis, constipation, and…

See also Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) General information Isoxepac has been used as an analgesic after joint surgery [ ] and in the management of rheumatoid arthritis [ ] and dysmenorrhea [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Isopropanolamine is used in cosmetics, hair perms, hair sprays, and in tanning lotions as a buffering agent. Derivatives of isopropanolamine have been developed as HIV protease inhibitors [ , ]. Occupational exposure to monoisopropanolamine can irritate the upper respiratory tract and eyes [ ]. Direct splashes into the eye can cause serious damage. Dermatitis can occur as a result of a single exposure, and…

See also Anticholinergic drugs General information A 5–10 mg oral dose of the anticholinergic drug isopropamide iodide produces typical anticholinergic effects and has been used to treat a range of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract [ , ] and urinary bladder [ ]. In patients with Zollinger–Ellison syndrome the combination of cimetidine plus isopropamide 20–40 mg/day was generally more effective in suppressing acid secretion than cimetidine…

See also Adrenoceptor agonists General information As a non-selective beta-adrenoceptor agonist, isoprenaline produces a wide range of adrenergic effects. Those that involve the heart present the most marked problems in practice. Doses of up to 10 micrograms/minute are used to improve the peripheral circulation in shock. In respiratory disease, isoprenaline in sublingual tablets (up to 10 mg) and inhalers were used in the past, but have…

See also Antituberculosis drugs General information Isoniazid is the hydrazide of isonicotinic acid. It is a first-line drug for treatment and prevention of tuberculosis. It is bactericidal for rapidly dividing mycobacteria, but bacteriostatic for “resting bacilli”. Among non-tuberculosis mycobacteria, only a few strains, such as Mycobacterium kansasii , are susceptible. As a rule, sensitivity should always be tested in vitro, since the minimum inhibitory concentration varies…

General information Isometheptene is an indirect sympathomimetic with a tyramine-like action and is also an agonist at alpha-adrenoceptors. It has been used as a non-prescription drug in the treatment of migraine [ , ], often in combination with other analgesics [ ]. Adverse reactions are similar to those from adrenaline and ephedrine. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy…

General information Isoflurane is a potent inhalation anesthetic. An isomer of enflurane, it has many of the same adverse effects. It is hardly metabolized (about 0.2%), which has encouraged its prolonged use as a sedative agent or bronchodilator in patients with acute severe asthma. However, it may not be as inert in all patients. A Polish Expert Group for Chemical Hazards has suggested that the maximum…

General information Isoetarine is a beta-adrenoceptor agonist bronchodilator given orally in a modified-release formulation [ ]. It is slightly more beta 2 -selective than isoprenaline but has a beta-blocking metabolite. When isoetarine was compared with salbutamol in the treatment of acute severe asthma in adults who received hourly nebulized isoetarine 5 mg or salbutamol 2.5 mg the two drugs were equally effective in relieving bronchoconstriction […

See also Aminoglycoside antibiotics General information Isepamicin is similar to amikacin but has better activity against strains that produce type I 6′-acetyltransferase. It can cause nephrotoxicity, vestibular toxicity, and ototoxicity. However, it is one of the less toxic of the aminoglycosides [ ]. The antibacterial spectrum of isepamicin includes Enterobacteriaceae and staphylococci; anaerobes, Neisseriae , and streptococci are resistant [ ]. Isepamicin was as effective and…

See also Iron oxide General information Iron is a metallic element (symbol Fe; atomic no. 26). The symbol is derived from the Latin word for iron, ferrum. Iron is found widespread in nature in ores such as almandine hercynite (iron aluminate); scorodite (iron arsenate); pyrites (iron disulfide); laterite (iron hydroxide); columbite (iron niobate); chromite, hematite, ilmenite, limonite, magnetite, mugearite, stilpnosiderite, and umber (iron oxides); lazulite (iron…

General information Ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide (USPIOs) of median diameter no less than 50 nm have been studied as blood-pool agents and are given intravenously to enhance liver imaging in patients with cirrhosis and to visualize lymph nodes. They consist of non-stoichiometric microcrystalline iron oxide cores, which are coated with dextrans (in ferumoxides) or siloxanes (in ferumoxsils). The most common form of iron oxide…

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See also Angiotensin II receptor antagonists . General information Irbesartan is a potent selective angiotensin II type 1 (AT 1 ) receptor antagonist. Its pharmacology is the same as that of other angiotensin II receptor antagonists [ ]. In the registration studies and other controlled trials adverse effects were not dose-related and not different from placebo. In an unpublished postmarketing surveillance study 1232 of 9009 patients…