See also Antituberculosis drugs General information Isoniazid is the hydrazide of isonicotinic acid. It is a first-line drug for treatment and prevention of tuberculosis. It is bactericidal for rapidly dividing mycobacteria, but bacteriostatic for “resting bacilli”. Among non-tuberculosis mycobacteria, only a few strains, such as Mycobacterium kansasii , are susceptible. As a rule, sensitivity should always be tested in vitro, since the minimum inhibitory concentration varies…

General information Isometheptene is an indirect sympathomimetic with a tyramine-like action and is also an agonist at alpha-adrenoceptors. It has been used as a non-prescription drug in the treatment of migraine [ , ], often in combination with other analgesics [ ]. Adverse reactions are similar to those from adrenaline and ephedrine. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy…

General information Isoflurane is a potent inhalation anesthetic. An isomer of enflurane, it has many of the same adverse effects. It is hardly metabolized (about 0.2%), which has encouraged its prolonged use as a sedative agent or bronchodilator in patients with acute severe asthma. However, it may not be as inert in all patients. A Polish Expert Group for Chemical Hazards has suggested that the maximum…

General information Isoetarine is a beta-adrenoceptor agonist bronchodilator given orally in a modified-release formulation [ ]. It is slightly more beta 2 -selective than isoprenaline but has a beta-blocking metabolite. When isoetarine was compared with salbutamol in the treatment of acute severe asthma in adults who received hourly nebulized isoetarine 5 mg or salbutamol 2.5 mg the two drugs were equally effective in relieving bronchoconstriction […

See also Aminoglycoside antibiotics General information Isepamicin is similar to amikacin but has better activity against strains that produce type I 6′-acetyltransferase. It can cause nephrotoxicity, vestibular toxicity, and ototoxicity. However, it is one of the less toxic of the aminoglycosides [ ]. The antibacterial spectrum of isepamicin includes Enterobacteriaceae and staphylococci; anaerobes, Neisseriae , and streptococci are resistant [ ]. Isepamicin was as effective and…

See also Iron oxide General information Iron is a metallic element (symbol Fe; atomic no. 26). The symbol is derived from the Latin word for iron, ferrum. Iron is found widespread in nature in ores such as almandine hercynite (iron aluminate); scorodite (iron arsenate); pyrites (iron disulfide); laterite (iron hydroxide); columbite (iron niobate); chromite, hematite, ilmenite, limonite, magnetite, mugearite, stilpnosiderite, and umber (iron oxides); lazulite (iron…

General information Ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide (USPIOs) of median diameter no less than 50 nm have been studied as blood-pool agents and are given intravenously to enhance liver imaging in patients with cirrhosis and to visualize lymph nodes. They consist of non-stoichiometric microcrystalline iron oxide cores, which are coated with dextrans (in ferumoxides) or siloxanes (in ferumoxsils). The most common form of iron oxide…

You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Angiotensin II receptor antagonists . General information Irbesartan is a potent selective angiotensin II type 1 (AT 1 ) receptor antagonist. Its pharmacology is the same as that of other angiotensin II receptor antagonists [ ]. In the registration studies and other controlled trials adverse effects were not dose-related and not different from placebo. In an unpublished postmarketing surveillance study 1232 of 9009 patients…

See also Tricyclic antidepressants General information Iprindole is a 6,5,8 tricyclic compound, whose first two rings form an indole nucleus [ ]. It is of some theoretical interest, in that it is weak in its action on the amine pump mechanism. Adverse reactions are reported as being similar to those of other tricyclic antidepressants [ , ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership…

See also Anticholinergic drugs General information Ipratropium hydrobromide is a quaternary amine, the semisynthetic isopropyl derivative of atropine, which has low lipid solubility and is poorly absorbed. It has anticholinergic properties and is used to treat asthma. The metered dose of ipratropium is some 20 micrograms. Its limited availability accounts for its relative bronchial selectivity when ipratropium is given in low doses by the aerosol route.…

See also Rubiaceae General information Ipecacuanha is an extract of the root of Psychotria ipecacuanha , also known as Cephaelis ipecacuanha , a member of the Rubiaceae. It contains the emetic alkaloids cephaeline and emetine. It has often been used as a home remedy for various purposes, and not only as an emetic. It is a traditional ingredient of some expectorants, since expectoration often accompanies vomiting.…

General information Ion exchange polymers are insoluble organic polymers, which trap ions and in doing so release others [ ]. There are four main types: strongly acidic compounds, which typically contain sulfonic acid groups (for example, the polystyrene sulfonates, which are covered in a separate monograph); strongly basic compounds (for example, colestyramine and colesevelam), which contain quaternary amino groups, such as trimethylammonium; weakly acidic compounds, which…

General information Initially used as a preservative in wood paints and metal-working fluids, 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate is also used in cosmetics, shampoos, metal-working fluids, and moistened wipes [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Amiodarone ; Iodinated contrast media ; Iodopropynyl butylcarbamate ; Radioactive iodine General information Iodine is a non-metallic halogen element (symbol I; atomic no 53, atomic weight 127). It exists as a near-black solid but readily sublimates, giving a purple-colored vapor. It is found in nature both free (for example in large amounts in seaweeds such as kelp and in low concentrations in seawater) and…

See also Amiodarone ; Iodine-containing medicaments ; Iodopropynyl butylcarbamate ; Povidone-iodine; Radioactive iodine General information The radio-opacity of X-ray contrast media depends on the fact that they contain substances with high atomic weights that absorb X-rays. Bismuth, now largely obsolete, has an atomic weight of 209, barium 137. Since the soluble salts of barium are poisonous, the insoluble salt, barium sulfate, is used as a suspension.…

General information Interleukin-12, an immunomodulatory cytokine, has potential effects in several cancer and infectious diseases. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Interleukin-10 is a potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokine with beneficial effects expected in a wide range of diseases [ ]. In healthy volunteers, its adverse effect profile mostly consisted of flu-like symptoms at the highest dose [ ]. First-degree atrioventricular block was noted in a few patients. Due to immunomodulating properties, potential adverse immunological effects, namely an increased risk of infections, autoimmune disorders, or…

General information Interleukin-6 is produced by T cells, monocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes, and regulates pleiotropic biological functions. Recombinant interleukin-6 has been evaluated for thrombopoietic and antitumor properties [ ]. General adverse effects and adverse reactions During clinical trials, intravenous and subcutaneous interleukin-6 produced universal moderate fever and flu-like symptoms [ ]. Mild nausea, weight loss, and taste disorders sometimes occurred, and central nervous system…