General information The lanthanoids form a group of elements with atomic numbers from 57 to 71, from lanthanum to lutetium. Lanthanum, cerium, and gadolinium have gained attention in the use and design of pharmaceutical drugs [ ]; lanthanum has been used in the management of hyperphosphatemia and gadolinium as a contrast agent in MRI and in cancer treatment. Gadolinium salts are covered in a separate monograph.…

See also Proton pump inhibitors General information Lansoprazole is a proton pump inhibitor. Its adverse reactions profile has been reviewed based on premarketing clinical studies, and has to be regarded with the reservations appropriate to this type of material. In 4749 patients the most frequent adverse reactions were headache (4.7%), diarrhea (3.2%), abdominal pain (2.2%), pharyngitis (1.8%), and nausea (1.4%); some patients had upper respiratory complaints…

See also Antiepileptic drugs General information Lamotrigine is widely used in the management of partial and generalized seizures. It has a favorable tolerability profile, even though neurological adverse reactions and hypersensitivity reactions are sometimes troublesome. Its pharmacology, clinical pharmacology, adverse effects, and interactions have been reviewed [ ]. Adverse reactions to lamotrigine are primarily neurological, gastrointestinal, and dermatological and are typically mild or moderate and transient,…

See also : Nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) General information Lamivudine (3TC) is a nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor that has been widely used against HIV infection which also has antiviral effects against hepatitis B [ , ]. In chronic hepatitis B in adults and children lamivudine increases the rate of loss of hepatitis B e antigen and seroconversion in compensated chronic carriers, with improvement…

General information The genera in the family of Lamiaceae ( Table 1 ) include basil, catnip, germander, lavender, mints, origanum, rosemary, sage, skullcap, and thyme. Table 1 Genera of Lamiaceae Acanthomintha (thorn mint) Acinos (acinos) Agastach (giant hyssop) Ajuga (bugle) Ballota (horehound) Blephilia (pagoda plant) Brazoria (brazos mint) Calamintha (calamint) Cedronella (cedronella) Chaiturus (lion’s tail) Clinopodium (clinopodium) Coleus (coleus) Collinsonia (horsebalm) Conradina (false rosemary) Cunila (cunila)…

General information Lactose is a disaccharide, galactopyranosyl-glucose, which is found in mammalian milk and, because it is readily compressible, is used as an excipient in many oral drug formulations and dry powder inhalers. It is also added to infant formula milk in order to mimic the composition of human milk. Since lactose is not fermented by brewer's yeast, it is used to sweeten the beer known…

See also Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists General information Labetalol is a non-selective alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor antagonist; these actions reside in four different enantiomers. Labetalol is less likely to increase airways resistance in patients with bronchial asthma or to reduce peripheral blood flow. However, it can produce postural hypotension [ ], and paresthesia of the scalp [ ] and perioral numbness [ ] have been described. Organs and systems…

General information The family of Krameriaceae contains the single genus Krameria (ratany), species of which have anti-inflammatory [ ], antioxidant [ ], antibacterial [ ], and molluscicidal [ ] actions. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Antihistamines General information Ketotifen was originally developed as a drug that would inhibit the release of vasoactive substances from mast cells, as an oral alternative to cromoglicate, but its actions in asthma are probably attributable to its antihistaminic effect [ , ], which occurs within minutes after administration and lasts for up to 12 hours. It also stabilizes mast cells, preventing histamine release, inhibits…

See also Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) General information Ketorolac is a pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative, structurally and pharmacologically related to tolmetin, zomepirac, and indometacin. The trometamol salt of ketorolac enhances its solubility and allows parenteral administration. Opinions on the safety of ketorolac in EC drug regulatory authorities are conflicting [ ]. However, the risk of adverse reactions is higher when ketorolac is used in higher doses,…

General information The spectrum of adverse effects of ketoprofen is similar to that of ibuprofen. Ketoprofen was originally approved for over-the-counter sales in the USA by the FDA, but in the same year, in Italy, the Ministry of Health transferred two ketoprofen-containing products from non-prescription to prescription status [ ]. The reasons for this difference are not clear. Organs and systems Respiratory A fatal asthmatic reaction…

General information The ketolides cethromycin (ABT-773) and telithromycin are semisynthetic derivatives of 14-membered-ring macrolide antibiotics, members of the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin-B, MLS(B), class of antimicrobials, but they differ from macrolides by having a 3-keto group instead of an l -cladinose group on the erythronolide A ring [ ]. In a study of the efficacy of the ketolides HMR 3004 (previously RU 004) and telithromycin (HMR 3647, previously 66…

See also Antifungal azoles [for systemic use] General information Ketoconazole was the first azole available for oral administration, apart from metronidazole. However, it has been supplanted by newer azoles with fewer adverse effects and more reliable absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Even after years of use, new adverse reactions (often related to high doses and/or newer indications) continue to be reported. Pharmacokinetics The oral absorption of…

General information Ketobemidone is an opioid receptor agonist, with pharmacokinetics and potency similar to morphine. Combined with the antispasmodic drug, N,N-dimethyl-3,3-diphenyl-1-methylallylamine chloride, ketobemidone is often used in Scandinavia. In a study of postoperative pain relief, ketobemidone equalled morphine and pethidine with respect to efficacy of analgesia and adverse effects, such as shivering, nausea, and vomiting [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership…

General information Ketanserin is a selective 5-HT 2 receptor antagonist with antihypertensive action. Because it antagonizes the vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation induced by 5-HT and increases erythrocyte deformability, its potential usefulness in peripheral vascular disease has been extensively investigated, although never convincingly demonstrated. It has been reported to be beneficial in pre-eclampsia [ ]. Most of the adverse reactions that are attributable to ketanserin are on…

General information Ketamine is a non-competitive antagonist at the phencyclidine site of the N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor for glutamate. However, its effects are also mediated by interactions with many others receptors. It is a short-acting anesthetic that has been widely used by emergency physicians [ ] and can be given intravenously, intramuscularly, orally, and even nasally [ ]. Multiple ketamine anesthetics may be safe […

See also Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) General information Kebuzone (ketophenylbutazone, ketazone) is an NSAID that is related to phenylbutazone. Allergic reactions, gastrotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, local reactions with necrosis [ ], and liver damage have been reported [ ]. The Japanese authorities have asked that the package insert should indicate that this drug must be used only as a last resort when other anti-inflammatory agents and uricosuric drugs…

General information Kaolin is commonly given together with pectin in the treatment of diarrhea, and can be combined with an opioid such as morphine. It has also been used in poultices an in hemostatic dressings [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Aminoglycoside antibiotics General information Kanamycin can be used for short-term treatment of severe infections caused by susceptible strains (for example Escherichia coli , Proteus species, Enterobacter aerogenes , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Serratia marcescens , and Mima-Herellea ) that are resistant to other less ototoxic aminoglycosides. It is not indicated for long-term therapy, for example in tuberculosis. Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become…

General information The family of Juglandaceae contains three genera: 1. Carya (hickory, pecan); 2. Juglans (walnut); 3. Pterocarya (pterocarya). Carya spp You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here