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Loperamide

See also Opioid receptor agonists General information Loperamide is an opioid whose action is almost completely restricted to the gut. Recognition of its consequent safety, if it is appropriately used, has led to its being released in many countries for sale without prescription. It nevertheless has some central activity, and nausea, dizziness, dry mouth, abdominal pain, ileus, and lethargy all occur in a minority of users,…

Lometrexol

See also Cytotoxic and immunosuppressant drugs General information Lometrexol is a folic acid analogue, 5,10-dideaza-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid, which acts as an antifolate drug and targets de novo purine synthesis in tumor cells by inhibiting glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT), a folate-dependent enzyme [ , ]. Folic acid supplementation improves efficacy and without it severe cumulative toxicity on the bone marrow and the mucosa is likely [ , ].…

Lomefloxacin

See also Fluoroquinolones General information Lomefloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibacterial drug with actions and uses similar to those of ciprofloxacin. Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Loganiaceae

General information The genera in the family of Loganiaceae ( Table 1 ) include strychnos and trumpet flower. Table 1 The genera of Loganiaceae Fagraea Gelsemium (trumpet flower, jessamine) Labordia (labordia) Mitreola (hornpod) Spigelia (pinkroot) Strychnos (strychnos) You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Lobeline

General information Lobeline is derived from the plant Lobelia inflata (Indian tobacco). It is both an agonist and an antagonist at nicotinic receptors, although it is not structurally related to nicotine [ ]. It inhibits nicotine- and amphetamine-induced dopamine release by interacting with the tetrabenazine-binding site on the monoamine transporter. It also inhibits dopamine re-uptake. It has been used in smoking cessation, but is ineffective […

Lithium

General information Lithium (Li; atomic number 3, atomic weight 7) is an alkaline earth element that is used medicinally in the form of salts such as lithium chloride and lithium carbonate. Its main use is in the prevention or attenuation of recurrent episodes of mania and depression in individuals with bipolar mood disorder (manic depression). Lithium also has clearly established antimanic activity, although its relatively slow…

Lisuride

General information Lisuride is a dopamine receptor agonist that is used as an alternative drug in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. The pattern of adverse reactions is similar to that seen with most of the ergot alkaloids [ ]. The adverse reactions that occurred after subcutaneous administration were so troublesome that the subcutaneous formulation was eventually unmarketable. Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become a…

Lisinopril

See also Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors General information Lisinopril is a non-sulfhydryl ACE inhibitor. It has been used in patients with hypertension, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and diabetic nephropathy. Organs and systems Cardiovascular The use of lisinopril in congestive heart failure has been reviewed [ ], including a section on tolerability and details of the ATLAS (Assessment with Treatment with Lisinopril and Survival) trial. The tolerance of…

Lipsticks

General information Lipsticks contain waxes, oils, emollients, antioxidants, and pigments [ ]. Common ingredients include beeswax, ozokerite, candelilla wax or Carnauba wax; olive oil, mineral oil, cocoa butter, petrolatum, lanolin, or castor oil. Palmitate-related substances and branched-chain fatty acid esters, such as glyceryl di-isostearate and di-isostearyl malate, have replaced lanolin and castor oil as major components. Lipsticks often contain lead in small amounts. In 26 different…

Lindane

General information Lindane is a pesticide that is widely used in the treatment of scabies and pediculosis, usually in a 1% lotion [ ]. It is the gamma-isomer of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane. The hazards of excessive industrial exposure and accidental ingestion have been well documented [ ]. Some feel that 1% lindane is safe when used properly [ , ], but precautionary recommendations have been made [ ]:…

Lincosamides

General information The two established members of the group of antibiotics known as the lincosamides, lincomycin and its semisynthetic derivative clindamycin, have a narrow antibacterial spectrum involving mostly Gram-positive species and some obligate anerobes, such as Bacteroides . Like chloramphenicol and erythromycin, they combine with a subunit of bacterial ribosomes and interfere with protein synthesis. Whereas oral lincomycin has a systemic availability of about 40%, which…

Limonene

General information Since the 1980s limonene has been used as an alternative to traditional solvents and degreasing agents. It is a monoterpene found in a variety of fruits, vegetables, herbs, trees, and bushes. Limonene constitutes the main volatile component of some citrus oils and represents a small fraction of the terpenes in pine needle oils and turpentine. Biogenic and anthropogenic sources release large amounts of limonene…

Lidoflazine

See also Calcium channel blockers General information Lidoflazine is a calcium channel blocker that has been used to treat angina pectoris and acute coronary syndrome [ , ] and in atrial fibrillation [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Lidocaine (lignocaine)

See also Anesthetics, local ; Antidysrhythmic drugs General information Lidocaine is the most widely used aminoamide local anesthetic agent, with a low toxic potential; its effects are mostly typical for this class of drug. It can be given by injection or topically and is also combined with prilocaine in Emla for topical administration. It is also used as an antidysrhythmic drug and has occasionally been used…

Levofloxacin

See also Fluoroquinolones General information Levofloxacin, the levorotatory S-enantiomer of the racemate ofloxacin, is an oral and parenteral fluoroquinolone that has bactericidal activity against a wide spectrum of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacilli (including Streptococcus pneumoniae ), as well as atypical respiratory pathogens. Levofloxacin penetrates the cerebrospinal fluid when the meninges are inflamed. In 10 patients with external ventriculostomies, who were given levofloxacin 500 mg intravenously bd…

Levodopa and dopa decarboxylase inhibitors

General information Nigrostriatal dopamine is depleted in patients with Parkinson’s disease, but it cannot be used to treat the disease since it is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and is metabolized extensively in the periphery, hardly penetrating the central nervous system. Levodopa, a precursor that is decarboxylated to dopamine, but is much more lipid soluble, was developed to overcome this problem. It was originally given…