See also Sulfonamides General information Mafenide is a topical sulfonamide that has been used for the treatment of burns but is now obsolete. Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
See also Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) , Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) , and Myeloid colony-stimulating factors General information Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) stimulates the growth and differentiation of the monocyte lineage, and promotes the survival, proliferation, and functions of mature monocytes/macrophages [ ]. It also enhances myelopoiesis through the amplified production of G-CSF and GM-CSF by monocytes, and has antitumor activity. Purified human urinary M-CSF and…
See also Methadone General information The basic structure of the macrolide antibiotics is characterized by a lactonic cycle with two osidic chains, and they are classified according to the number of carbon atoms in the cycle: 14-membered macrolides (for example clarithromycin, dirithromycin, erythromycin, roxithromycin, troleandomycin), 15-membered macrolides (for example azithromycin, an azalide), and 16-membered macrolides (for example josamycin, midecamycin, spiramycin). The azalides, such as azithromycin, are…
General information The main genera in the family of Mackinayaceae are Actinotus , Centella , and Xanthosia . You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
See also Acetylsalicylic acid General information Lysine acetylsalicylate is a soluble form of salicylate developed for intravenous administration in acute pain. Its mode of action and scope of adverse reactions are similar to those of aspirin [ ], although it has a faster onset of action [ ] and causes less gastrointestinal bleeding [ ]. Lysine acetylsalicylate has been used as a challenge test in diagnosing…
See also Cannabinoids General information Lysergide (lysergic acid diethylamide, LSD) is a hallucinogen that is usually taken orally. Its initial effects, anticholinergic and sympathomimetic in type, occur within about half an hour and include tachycardia, hyperthermia, mydriasis, piloerection, hypertension, and occasionally nausea and vomiting. The more important psychoactive effects develop 1–2 hours later and can last 24–48 hours. They are principally changes in perception, mood, and…
See also Vaccines General information Lyme disease is a tick-borne, spirochetal zoonosis, characterized by a distinctive skin lesion, systemic symptoms, and neurological, rheumatological, and cardiac involvement, occurring in varying combinations over a period of months to years. Borrelia burgdorferi is the causative agent in North America, whereas in Europe three genomic groups (named Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto , Borrelia garinii , and Borrelia afzelii ) have…
General information The family of Lycopodiaceae contains three genera of clubmoss, Huperzia , Lycopodium , and Lycopodiella . You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
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See also Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) General information Data on the safety of loxoprofen are based on an open, multicenter trial of about 4000 elderly patients in Japan [ ]. Adverse reactions were mainly gastrointestinal, but other adverse effects, common to every NSAID, included edema, dizziness, skin rashes, pruritus, and a case of eosinophilic pneumonia and liver dysfunction [ ]. Organs and systems You’re Reading a…
General information Loxapine is a dibenzoxazepine neuroleptic drug. After 6 and 12 weeks of treatment with loxapine, patients with schizophrenia (n = 24; aged 18–70 years) showed both lymphocyte D2 dopamine-like and 5HT2A platelet receptor binding down-regulation, which suggests that both receptors are involved in the mechanism of action of the drug, as well as possible extrapyramidal adverse reactions [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become…
See also HMG coenzyme-A reductase inhibitors General information The adverse events profile of lovastatin in 8245 patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia has been evaluated in a double-blind, diet- and placebo-controlled trial [ ]. The difference between lovastatin and placebo in the incidence of adverse events that required discontinuation was small, ranging from 1.2% at 20 mg bd to 1.9% at 80 mg Among a variety of symptoms,…
See also Angiotensin II receptor antagonists General information Losartan is a non-peptide, selective angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist. Because it has been suggested that there is a local renin–angiotensin system in the eye, losartan may be useful in treating glaucoma. In a small, well-designed, placebo-controlled, crossover study in four groups of subjects—controls, hypertensive patients with normal intraocular pressure, and patients with primary open-angle glaucoma with…
See also Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) General information Data are insufficient to indicate whether the oxicam NSAID lornoxicam is safer for the gastrointestinal tract than other oxicam derivatives [ ]. Headache, dizziness, and gastrointestinal symptoms are the most frequent adverse effects; clinically significant gastrointestinal events include upper gastrointestinal ulceration, with or without hemorrhage or perforation [ , ]. The profile of drug interactions is similar to…
See also Benzodiazepines General information Lormetazepam is a short-acting benzodiazepine with effects similar to those of diazepam. Drug studies You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
General information Lorenzo’s oil is a 4:1 mixture of glyceryl trioleate and glyceryl trierucate. It is used in patients with adrenoleukodystrophy. The dyslipidemia in patients with adrenoleukodystrophy consists of increased blood concentrations of very-long-chain saturated fatty acids, particularly hexacosaenoic acid (C26:0). Treatment with Lorenzo’s oil has tended to normalize the abnormality in the blood while the patient deteriorates. Neurological changes are unrelated to the fatty acid…
See also Antidysrhythmic drugs General information The clinical pharmacology, clinical use, efficacy, and adverse effects of lorcainide have been reviewed [ ]. The adverse effects of lorcainide may be partly caused by its active metabolite, norlorcainide, which accumulates during treatment [ ]. Organs and systems Cardiovascular Cardiovascular effects of lorcainide are reportedly uncommon (under 1% of cases) and have mostly been associated with intravenous administration. They…
See also Benzodiazepines General information Lorazepam is a benzodiazepine with CNS, depressant, anxiolytic, and sedative properties, used as a hypnotic, sedative, and anxiolytic drug. Drug studies Comparative studies In a multicenter, randomized, double-blind comparison of diazepam (0.15 mg/kg followed by phenytoin 18 mg/kg), lorazepam (0.1 mg/kg), phenobarbital (15 mg/kg), and phenytoin (18 mg/kg) in 518 patients with generalized convulsive status epilepticus, lorazepam was more effective than…
See also Antihistamines General information Loratadine is a second-generation antihistamine [ ]. Drug studies Placebo-controlled studies Adverse events (including dry mouth, headache, and insomnia) were reported in 30% of those taking loratadine + pseudoephedrine (5 + 120 mg bd for 4 days) compared with 21% of those taking placebo [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited…
See also HIV protease inhibitors General information Lopinavir is a nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor, which is used in combination with ritonavir, another nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor, in the treatment of AIDS. The pharmacology, clinical pharmacology, uses, adverse effects, and adverse reactions and interactions of lopinavir + ritonavir have been reviewed [ ]. Ritonavir is mainly restricted to its use as a potent inhibitor of…