General information Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic that has been used in acute oliguric renal insufficiency, acute cerebral edema, and the short-term management of glaucoma, especially to reduce intraocular pressure before ophthalmic surgery. Other indications include promotion of the excretion of toxic substances by forced diuresis, bladder irrigation during transurethral resection of the prostate, and oral administration as an osmotic laxative for bowel preparation. Mannitol is…

See also Leflunomide and teriflunomide General information Synthetic malononitrilamides have been derived from A77 1726, the active metabolite of leflunomide. Of these, manitimus (malononitrilamide 715; FK778) is the most promising, because of its much shorter half-life. Manitimus blocks de novo pyrimidine synthesis, by inhibiting the mitochondrial enzyme dihyro-orotate dehydrogenase and tyrosine kinase [ ]. It also inhibits activation of NFκB in human dendritic cells [ ],…

See also Calcium channel blockers General information Manidipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker that can be given once a day for hypertension. In a comparison of manidipine 10 mg/day and amlodipine 5 mg/day in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind study in 530 patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension, the two drugs had comparable antihypertensive effects, but manidipine was associated with a significantly lower incidence of ankle edema […

General information Manganese is a hard but brittle grayish-white metallic element (symbol Mn; atomic no. 25) that occurs in nature chiefly in the form of its oxides, but is also found as a sulfide (for example in alabandite), carbonate (ankerite, dialogite, and rhodochrosite), niobate and tantalate (columbite), silicate (piedmontite, rhodonite, spessartite, and tephroite), arsenate (synadelphite), and tungstate (wolframite). Uses The inorganic manganese salt potassium permanganate is…

General information The genera in the family of Malvaceae ( Table 1 ) include cotton, okra, and various types of mallow. Table 1 Genera of Malvaceae Abelmoschus (okra) Abutilon (Indian mallow) Alcea (hollyhock) Allosidastrum (mock fanpetals) Allowissadula (false Indian mallow) Althaea (marshmallow) Anoda (anoda) Bastardia (bastardia) Batesimalva (gaymallow) Billieturnera (false fanpetals) Callirhoe (poppymallow) Cienfuegosia (flymallow) Eremalche (mallow) Fioria (fanleaf) Freyxellia (fryxellwort) Gossypium (cotton) Herissantia (herissantia) Hibiscadelphus…

General information Malathion is used for the treatment of lice, a single application of 0.5% in a solution being customary. Used in this way, it is generally safe, although the same compound has caused fatal poisoning when used as a pesticide in the environment. Drug studies You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you…

General information For many years attempts have been made to find a vaccine against malaria, especially malaria tropica [ ]. Most of these attempts have been disappointing [ , ]. However, the results of a number of field studies have been reported. SPf66 vaccine is a synthetic polypeptide based on pre-erythrocyte and asexual blood stage proteins of Plasmodium falciparum . A trial in Tanzania, in an…

See also Laxatives General information Magnesium is a bright, silver-white alkaline earth metallic element (symbol Mg; atomic no. 12). It is widely found as different salts in minerals such as boracite (borate), ankerite and dolomite (carbonates), carnallite (chloride), brucite (hydroxide), periclase (oxide), lazulite (phosphate), amphibole, cummingtonite, enstatite, garnierite, hornblende, humite, hypersthenite, iolite, jade, melilite, monticellite, olivine, Pennine, saponite, sapphire, serpentine, talc, and tremolite (silicates), and epsomite,…

See also Sulfonamides General information Mafenide is a topical sulfonamide that has been used for the treatment of burns but is now obsolete. Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) , Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) , and Myeloid colony-stimulating factors General information Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) stimulates the growth and differentiation of the monocyte lineage, and promotes the survival, proliferation, and functions of mature monocytes/macrophages [ ]. It also enhances myelopoiesis through the amplified production of G-CSF and GM-CSF by monocytes, and has antitumor activity. Purified human urinary M-CSF and…

See also Methadone General information The basic structure of the macrolide antibiotics is characterized by a lactonic cycle with two osidic chains, and they are classified according to the number of carbon atoms in the cycle: 14-membered macrolides (for example clarithromycin, dirithromycin, erythromycin, roxithromycin, troleandomycin), 15-membered macrolides (for example azithromycin, an azalide), and 16-membered macrolides (for example josamycin, midecamycin, spiramycin). The azalides, such as azithromycin, are…

General information The main genera in the family of Mackinayaceae are Actinotus , Centella , and Xanthosia . You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Acetylsalicylic acid General information Lysine acetylsalicylate is a soluble form of salicylate developed for intravenous administration in acute pain. Its mode of action and scope of adverse reactions are similar to those of aspirin [ ], although it has a faster onset of action [ ] and causes less gastrointestinal bleeding [ ]. Lysine acetylsalicylate has been used as a challenge test in diagnosing…

See also Cannabinoids General information Lysergide (lysergic acid diethylamide, LSD) is a hallucinogen that is usually taken orally. Its initial effects, anticholinergic and sympathomimetic in type, occur within about half an hour and include tachycardia, hyperthermia, mydriasis, piloerection, hypertension, and occasionally nausea and vomiting. The more important psychoactive effects develop 1–2 hours later and can last 24–48 hours. They are principally changes in perception, mood, and…

See also Vaccines General information Lyme disease is a tick-borne, spirochetal zoonosis, characterized by a distinctive skin lesion, systemic symptoms, and neurological, rheumatological, and cardiac involvement, occurring in varying combinations over a period of months to years. Borrelia burgdorferi is the causative agent in North America, whereas in Europe three genomic groups (named Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto , Borrelia garinii , and Borrelia afzelii ) have…

General information The family of Lycopodiaceae contains three genera of clubmoss, Huperzia , Lycopodium , and Lycopodiella . You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

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See also Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) General information Data on the safety of loxoprofen are based on an open, multicenter trial of about 4000 elderly patients in Japan [ ]. Adverse reactions were mainly gastrointestinal, but other adverse effects, common to every NSAID, included edema, dizziness, skin rashes, pruritus, and a case of eosinophilic pneumonia and liver dysfunction [ ]. Organs and systems You’re Reading a…

General information Loxapine is a dibenzoxazepine neuroleptic drug. After 6 and 12 weeks of treatment with loxapine, patients with schizophrenia (n = 24; aged 18–70 years) showed both lymphocyte D2 dopamine-like and 5HT2A platelet receptor binding down-regulation, which suggests that both receptors are involved in the mechanism of action of the drug, as well as possible extrapyramidal adverse reactions [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become…