General information Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic that has been used in acute oliguric renal insufficiency, acute cerebral edema, and the short-term management of glaucoma, especially to reduce intraocular pressure before ophthalmic surgery. Other indications include promotion of the excretion of toxic substances by forced diuresis, bladder irrigation during transurethral resection of the prostate, and oral administration as an osmotic laxative for bowel preparation. Mannitol is…

See also Leflunomide and teriflunomide General information Synthetic malononitrilamides have been derived from A77 1726, the active metabolite of leflunomide. Of these, manitimus (malononitrilamide 715; FK778) is the most promising, because of its much shorter half-life. Manitimus blocks de novo pyrimidine synthesis, by inhibiting the mitochondrial enzyme dihyro-orotate dehydrogenase and tyrosine kinase [ ]. It also inhibits activation of NFκB in human dendritic cells [ ],…

See also Calcium channel blockers General information Manidipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker that can be given once a day for hypertension. In a comparison of manidipine 10 mg/day and amlodipine 5 mg/day in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind study in 530 patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension, the two drugs had comparable antihypertensive effects, but manidipine was associated with a significantly lower incidence of ankle edema […

General information Manganese is a hard but brittle grayish-white metallic element (symbol Mn; atomic no. 25) that occurs in nature chiefly in the form of its oxides, but is also found as a sulfide (for example in alabandite), carbonate (ankerite, dialogite, and rhodochrosite), niobate and tantalate (columbite), silicate (piedmontite, rhodonite, spessartite, and tephroite), arsenate (synadelphite), and tungstate (wolframite). Uses The inorganic manganese salt potassium permanganate is…

General information The genera in the family of Malvaceae ( Table 1 ) include cotton, okra, and various types of mallow. Table 1 Genera of Malvaceae Abelmoschus (okra) Abutilon (Indian mallow) Alcea (hollyhock) Allosidastrum (mock fanpetals) Allowissadula (false Indian mallow) Althaea (marshmallow) Anoda (anoda) Bastardia (bastardia) Batesimalva (gaymallow) Billieturnera (false fanpetals) Callirhoe (poppymallow) Cienfuegosia (flymallow) Eremalche (mallow) Fioria (fanleaf) Freyxellia (fryxellwort) Gossypium (cotton) Herissantia (herissantia) Hibiscadelphus…

General information Malathion is used for the treatment of lice, a single application of 0.5% in a solution being customary. Used in this way, it is generally safe, although the same compound has caused fatal poisoning when used as a pesticide in the environment. Drug studies You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you…

General information For many years attempts have been made to find a vaccine against malaria, especially malaria tropica [ ]. Most of these attempts have been disappointing [ , ]. However, the results of a number of field studies have been reported. SPf66 vaccine is a synthetic polypeptide based on pre-erythrocyte and asexual blood stage proteins of Plasmodium falciparum . A trial in Tanzania, in an…

See also Laxatives General information Magnesium is a bright, silver-white alkaline earth metallic element (symbol Mg; atomic no. 12). It is widely found as different salts in minerals such as boracite (borate), ankerite and dolomite (carbonates), carnallite (chloride), brucite (hydroxide), periclase (oxide), lazulite (phosphate), amphibole, cummingtonite, enstatite, garnierite, hornblende, humite, hypersthenite, iolite, jade, melilite, monticellite, olivine, Pennine, saponite, sapphire, serpentine, talc, and tremolite (silicates), and epsomite,…