Definition Benign smooth muscle tumor of the bladder wall Clinical features Epidemiology Rare, but represents the most common benign mesenchymal tumor of the bladder Female predominance Most common in middle-aged to older patients Rare in children You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
Definition Myofibroblastic spindle cell neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential Clinical features Epidemiology Typically occurs in young adults (9–42 years old) Slight female preponderance History of recent prior instrumentation in a subset of cases You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
Definition Staging system for penile carcinomas originating in the distal (penile) urethra You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
Definition Primary melanoma originating from the mucosa of the genitourinary system Clinical features Epidemiology Rare, but more common in women (female/male=10:1) Incidence increases with age Most commonly involving urethra, penis, scrotum; rarely reported in prostate, bladder, and ureter Mean age, 64 years (range, 50–77 years) Rare in patients of African ancestry Urethral melanoma more common in female patients; no racial difference Risk factors: pre-existing nevi, exposure…
Definition Benign hyperpigmented lesions in the external genitalia area (e.g., glans and foreskin) Clinical features You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
Definition Calcification of dermal connective tissue of the scrotal skin Clinical features Epidemiology Usually occurs in young men, with children and older men reportedly also being affected. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
Definition Granulomatous tissue reaction typically following the injection of exogenous lipid-rich substance in the male genitalia (penis, scrotum, testis, perineum, or spermatic cord) Clinical features You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
Definition Aggressive neoplasm of neuroendocrine differentiation, identical to its cutaneous counterpart Clinical features Epidemiology Primary Merkel cell carcinoma of the genitourinary (GU) tract extremely rare, with single case reports in the vulva, vagina, penis, and scrotum Patient age between third and eighth decades of life 80% of the cutaneous Merkel cell carcinomas + for Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV); unclear in GU tract Merkel cell carcinomas You’re…
Definition Rare intraepidermal adenocarcinoma involving the skin or mucosa of the external genitalia Clinical features You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
Definition A rare indolent neoplasm of the penis identical to its cutaneous counterpart Clinical features Epidemiology Very rare, only less than 50 cases reported even when scrotal tumors are included Age range: 37–87 (usually above 40) White men mostly Etiology includes UV light, prior trauma, dermatitis, and prolonged irritation from truss in the etiology Other risk factors: Ionizing radiation, arsenic ingestion, phimosis, trauma, chronic dermatitis, immunosuppression,…
Definition Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) showing morphologic features of more than one histologic subtype in the same specimen Clinical features You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
Definition A form of penile squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with both squamous and adenocarcinomatous components, probably arising from the embryologically misplaced glands or metaplastic mucinous glands Clinical features Epidemiology Non-HPV related Rare Similar to usual SCC You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
Introduction Although, in common with any other organ system, the central nervous system (CNS) is susceptible to infection, trauma and the processes of infarction, inflammation and neoplasia, the anatomy and metabolic requirements of the CNS modify its response to common injurious agents and render it prone to unique pathological processes. Tissues of the CNS Neurones are the functional units of the nervous system ( E-Fig. 23.1…
Bone Bone is a highly specialised tissue ( E-Fig. 22.1 H ), composed of a particular type of collagen embedded in a ground substance matrix, osteoid . Osteoid becomes mineralised by the deposition of calcium salts in the form of hydroxyapatite . The osteoid is synthesised by osteoblasts, which, in their resting state, are inactive, spindle-shaped cells lying unobtrusively on bone surfaces. When there is a…
Introduction The skin is commonly affected by a wide range of pathologies. Some of these are cutaneous manifestations of systemic disease processes whilst others are primary disorders of the skin. Common systemic viral illnesses such as measles and chickenpox are associated with characteristic skin rashes and many autoimmune and vasculitic disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, scleroderma and Henoch–Schönlein purpura, present with skin manifestations. Primary…
Pituitary gland disorders Structural defects of the pituitary gland are few, although functional abnormalities are potentially numerous, leading to under- or overproduction of one or more of the many hormones produced by the pituitary gland and its target endocrine glands. The most important histopathological lesions of the pituitary gland are benign adenomas derived from the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis). These commonly secrete anterior pituitary hormones and result…
Introduction The male reproductive system includes the testes with their related duct systems, the prostate and the penis. These organs are responsible for the production, storage and periodic emission of the male gametes, spermatozoa, as well as the production of male sex hormones, principally testosterone. The organs of this system are prone to the full range of pathological conditions seen in other organ systems. However, clinically,…